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Grant Park

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File:Grant Park Chicago map.png
Grant Park map

Grant Park is a large urban park (319 acres or 1.29 km²) in the Loop community area of Chicago. Located in Chicago's central business district, the park's most notable features are Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Museum Campus. Originally known as Lake Park, and dating from the city's founding, it was renamed in 1901 to honor Ulysses S. Grant. The park's area has been expanded several times through land reclamation, and was the focus of several disputes in the late 19th century and early 20th century over open space use. It is bordered on the north by Randolph Street, on the south by Roosevelt Road and McFetridge Drive, on the west by Michigan Avenue and on the east by Lake Michigan. The park contains performance venues, gardens, art work, sporting, and harbor facilities. It hosts public gatherings, and several large annual events.

Grant park is called "Chicago's front yard".[1] It is governed by the Chicago Park District.

History

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This 1893 sketch of the Art Institute of Chicago shows most of today's Grant Park still submerged under Lake Michigan with railroad tracks running along the shoreline behind the Museum
File:Nationalgeograph351919nat.pdf
Grant Park as seen in the January 1919 issue of National Geographic Magazine.

The original plans for the town of Chicago left the area east of Michigan Avenue unsubdivided and vacant, and purchasers of Michigan Avenue lots were promised that it would remain unoccupied. When the former Fort Dearborn Reserve became part of the townsite in 1839, the plan of the area east of Michigan Avenue south of Randolph was marked "Public ground. Forever to remain vacant of buildings."[2]

The city officially designated the land as a park on April 29, 1844, naming it Lake Park. When the Illinois Central Railroad was built into Chicago in 1852, it was permitted to lay track along the lakefront on a causeway built offshore from the park. The resulting lagoon became stagnant, and was largely filled in 1871 with debris from the Great Chicago Fire, increasing the parkland. In 1896, the city began extending the park into the lake with landfill, beyond the rail lines.[3] On October 9, 1901, the park was renamed Grant Park in honor of American Civil War commanding General and United States President Ulysses S. Grant. At the 1868 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Grant had been nominated for his first presidential term.

The legal restrictions prohibiting any buildings in the park were ignored in the 19th century, as various civic buildings were sited there. At various times, a post office, exposition center, armory, and even an early home field of the baseball club now known as the Chicago Cubs were built in the park. A 1904 plan prepared by the Olmsted Brothers recommended locating the Field Museum as the park's centerpiece, an idea integrated into Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett's 1909 Plan of Chicago.[4] Chicago businessman Aaron Montgomery Ward ultimately fought four court battles, opposed by nearly every civic leader, to keep the park free of buildings.[5] The one exception Ward consented to was for the Art Institute of Chicago, constructed in 1892.

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In the early 20th century, Grant Park was expanded with further landfill — much of it from the excavations of the Chicago Tunnel Company — and developed with a very formal landscape design by Edward Bennett. More landfill in the 1910s and 1920s provided sites for the Adler Planetarium, Field Museum of Natural History, and Shedd Aquarium, which were linked together as the Museum Campus in 1998. In 2004, a section of northern Grant Park, previously occupied by Illinois Central railyards and parking lots, was covered and redeveloped as Millennium Park.


Events

File:20070901 Chicago Jazz Festival at Petrillo Music Shell.jpg
2007 Chicago Jazz Festival at Petrillo Music Shell

The park has been the site of many large civic events. It served as the staging ground for the city's funeral procession for Abraham Lincoln.[6] In 1911, the park hosted the major Chicago International Aviation Meet.[7] In 1959, to celebrate the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway and a related International Trade Fair, Queen Elizabeth II, disembarked here from the Royal Yacht Britannia, giving "Queen's Landing" its name.[8] The park was the scene of clashes between Chicago Police and demonstrators during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Pope John Paul II celebrated an outdoor mass to a large crowd here in 1979. Championship celebrations were staged here for the Chicago Bulls during the 1990s, and the Chicago Blackhawks after Stanley Cup victory in 2013.[9] The park was the location for President Barack Obama's Election Day victory speech on the night of November 4, 2008.[10] In 2015, Grant Park hosted the first outdoor National Football League (NFL) draft and a related festival.[11] The Chicago Cubs held their rally for their World Series Championship win on November 4, 2016 with an estimated 5 million people attending the parade and event.[12]

Annually, the park hosts some of Chicago's biggest festivals including The Taste of Chicago—a large food and music festival held each summer;[13] the Grant Park Music Festival; Chicago Jazz Festival and the Chicago Blues Festival. The park is also the site of the start and finish lines of the Chicago Marathon.

Since 2005, Lollapalooza, a popular mutli-stage, multi-day, limited admission, festival of rock concerts has taken place in the park. Lollapalooza is under contract to be staged at Grant Park through 2018.[14]

Features

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Grant Park, with Template:Convert between the downtown Chicago Loop and Lake Michigan, offers many different attractions in its large open space. The park is generally flat. It is also crossed by large boulevards and even a bed of sunken railroad tracks. While bridges are used to span the tracks, and also used to connect with Millennium Park, the rest of the park must be reached by pedestrians at traffic crossings, except for a spacious underpass connection to the Museum Campus. There are also several parking garages under the park, along Michigan Avenue and east of Columbus Drive.

When it was landscaped in the early 20th century in a formal beaux arts style, tall American Elms were planted in allées and rectangular patterns.[15] While hundreds of these trees still exist, reaching 60 feet tall, they were devastated in the late 1970s by Dutch elm disease. Hybrid elms have since been used to replace lost trees.

Millennium Park

The northwestern corner of the park was renovated between 1998 and 2004 to become Millennium Park, a contiguous area with a variety of artistic features by architects and artists. Millennium Park features the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, the Lurie Garden and other attractions.[16] The park is connected by the BP Pedestrian Bridge and the Nichols Bridgeway to other parts of Grant Park.

Maggie Daley Park

Across the BP Pedestrian Bridge from Millennium Park, the northeast corner of Grant Park hosts outdoor and indoor activities at what is now Maggie Daley Park, previously called Daley Bicentennial Plaza.[17][18] Designed by landscape architect Michael Van Valkenburgh, attractions here include, summer and winter skating rinks, an extensive playground, climbing walls, tennis courts, and an activities building, which were redeveloped between 2012 and 2015.[19]

Art Institute of Chicago

Built in 1893 on the western edge of Grant Park, the Art Institute of Chicago is one of the premier art museums and art schools in the United States, known especially for the extensive collection of Impressionist and American art, such as A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, and Grant Wood's American Gothic. The School of the Art Institute of Chicago has facilities in the southeast corner of the museum's complex.

Buckingham Fountain

The center piece of Grant Park is Buckingham Fountain, one of the world's largest fountains.[20] The fountain, in a rococo wedding cake style, was dedicated in 1927 as a gift to the city from Kate Sturges Buckingham in memory of her brother Clarence. The fountain operates from April to October with water displays every 20 minutes and a light and water display from 8:00 am to 11:00 pm.

Museum Campus

Chicago's Museum Campus is a Template:Convert addition to Grant Park's southeastern end. The Museum Campus is the site of three of the city's most notable museums, all dedicated to the natural sciences: Adler Planetarium, Field Museum of Natural History, and Shedd Aquarium. A narrow isthmus along Solidarity Drive dominated by neoclassical sculptures of Kościuszko, Havliček and Nicolaus Copernicus connects to Northerly Island where the planetarium is located to the east of the Museum Campus situated on the mainland.[21]

Petrillo Music Shell

The Petrillo Music Shell, located at Jackson and Columbus drives, hosts music performances during the Chicago Jazz Festival, Chicago Blues Festival, Taste of Chicago and Lollapalooza. The music shell's seating area includes an area called Butler Field, the block bounded by Lake Shore Drive, Columbus Drive, Monroe Drive, and Jackson Drive. The previous Petrillo Bandshell structure faced Hutchinson Field at the south end of the park, near 1100 South Columbus Deive.[22]

Congress Plaza

Congress Plaza is a ceremonial entrance located on the park's western edge, at the intersection of Congress Parkway and Michigan Avenue.[23] Two semicircular plazas flanking Congress Parkway contain gardens, fountains, and artwork, including a pair of large bronze warrior statues, The Bowman and The Spearman that are positioned like gatekeepers to the park.

Gardens

There are several gardens and flower displays throughout the park. Millennium Park houses the Lurie Garden, known for its display of tall grass flowers, particularly lavender, and a decorative post-modern water stream. To the east, across the BP Pedestrian Bridge, Daley Park holds tall grass plantings. To the northeast in Daley Park, at 375 East Randolph Drive, is the Richard & Annette Bloch Cancer Survivors Garden, marked by two huge doric columns from the demolished Chicago Federal Building and a wrought-iron pergola. The garden contains numerous walkways lined with planters and is one of several similar spaces created nationwide by R. A. Bloch Cancer Foundation.[24]

Flanking the original Art Institute of Chicago Building are gardens in the north and south McCormick Courtyards; in the south courtyard is the bronze sculpture Fountain of the Great Lakes. To the south of the art museum, along Michigan Avenue, are a succession of gardens. Two of these are not far from to Orchestra Hall and honor former conductors of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (Sir Georg Solti and Theodore Thomas).[25]

To the southeast of the Art Institute, near the Court of Presidents, are demonstration gardens that flank Congress Parkway and surrounding Buckingham Fountain are a series of formal gardens, including the Tiffany Celebration Garden to the south.[26]

The Court of the Presidents

The Court of the Presidents is located directly on the north and south side of E. Congress Parkway, west of S. Columbus Drive and east of S. Michigan Ave.  Manicured gardens and art work help define the Court of Presidents. South President's Court, until recently, has primarily been gardens. However, within the past decade the city has decided to use the area to showcase art work by Chicagoans. While unique artwork has long been a tradition of Chicago’s parks, South President's Court had the added benefit of showcasing "in house" art as its first newsworthy collection, entitled "Artist and Automobiles." The collection, which was organized by the Public Art Program and the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs, consisted of sculptures composed entirely of parts found on old automobiles. The Court of the Presidents like many of the city’s other green spaces comes with so much potential for use. However, the public has long been able to appreciate and enjoy its current state, "open, clear, and free."[27][28][29]

Hutchinson Field

Much of the southern end of Grant Park is given over to ≠Hutchinson Field, an open space for large events, with a dozen baseball or softball diamonds named for financier and long-time Art Institute President, Charles L. Hutchinson.[30]

Chicago Lakefront Trail

A section of the Chicago Lakefront Trail, an 18-mile multi-use path along the city's Lake Michigan shoreline, runs along the park's eastern edge. The trail runs adjacent to Lake Shore Drive from Randolph Drive to Balbo Drive, then along the very edge of the seawall around the Shedd Aquarium. An underpass carries the trail under Solidarity Drive into Burnham Park.[31]

Marinas and harbors

Two Lake Michigan marinas are accessed from Grant Park. Monroe Harbor provides 1000 mooring cans (served by tender service) and facilities in the expansive harbor east of the park.[32] It is home to both the Chicago Yacht Club and the Columbia Yacht Club. Queen's Landing, at the center of the harbor and park's shoreline, is named for a 1959 visit there by Queen Elizabeth II aboard the Royal Yacht Britannia, in conjunction with the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Du Sable Harbor, created in 1999 north of Randolph Drive, offers 420 boat docks and a harbor store.[33]

Skate Plaza

The Grant Park Skate Plaza, designed by Chicago Landscape Architects Altamanu, was constructed in 2014 and opened December 6 of that year. The Plaza was initiated by Grant Park Conservancy President, Robert O’Neill. The new park occupies Template:Convert and has replaced the former skate area near the tennis courts. The Conservancy, sought planning support from local skateboarders and BMX bikers who formed the Grant Park Conservancy & Advisory Council Skate Committee. The Plaza is located in the southwest corner of the park near the former site of the 1893 Central Station and includes limestone pieces from the former railroad terminal. The plaza cost $2.65 Million to build.[34] In 2014, the park hosted both the Mountain Dew Skate Tour for its first return to Chicago since 2010 and the Volcom Wild in the Parks Tour for its first appearance in Chicago.[35][36]

Dog park

Grant Bark Park, located on the corner of Columbus Drive and 11th Street, is place for dogs get their exercise. It's an off-leash park of 18,000 square feet. It's made of asphalt and pea gravel. Members pay a monthly fee to attend the park that helps with the upkeep and maintains the cleanliness. A water fountain for both dogs and humans is provided. Membership fees and any donations go toward maintenance The park hosts benefits and events related to dogs to raise money, too.[37][38] Leashed dogs are permitted in most areas of the park, but not in Millennium Park.

Other facilities

The shaded walking paths in Grant Park cover several miles. A circuit of the park's walking paths is estimated to take 4 miles (6.4 km).[39]

For other sporting activities, the park has 16 softball and baseball fields and 12 tennis courts, open to the general public.

Public art

The park holds a great deal of public art, much of it sculpture, in many areas including in Millennium Park, near Buckingham Fountain, the several gardens, and Congress Plaza. Four individual large installations, in other areas of the park, include:

Abraham Lincoln Monument

Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State is a statue by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens set in a 150-foot wide exedra by architect Stanford White, honoring the Illinois resident and 16th President of the United States. The statue was cast in 1908 and was displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and at the 1915 San Francisco World's Fair, prior to being installed in the park in 1926. It is located in the Court of Presidents, north of Congress Parkway and west of Columbus Drive and is frequently called Seated Lincoln to avoid confusion with Saint-Gaudens' 1887 sculpture Abraham Lincoln: The Man in Lincoln Park.

Agora

Agora (from Greek, for urban meeting place) is an installation of over 100 headless, armless sculptures designed by the Polish artist Magdalena Abakanowicz in southwestern Grant Park near Roosevelt Road. The piece was brought to the park in 2006.[40] The figures are Template:Convert tall and weigh approximately Template:Convert. Each is made from a hollow, seamless piece of iron that has been allowed to rust, creating a reddish appearance and a bark-like texture. The figures appear to be milling about in a crowd; some face each other, while others look away.[41]

Columbus Monument

Christopher Columbus is a bronze statue by Carlo ("Charles", "Carl") Brioschi[42] on a monumental pedestal at the southern end of Grant Park. In 1933, Chicago celebrated its 100th anniversary with the Century of Progress World's Fair. In conjunction with the fair, Chicago's Italian-American community raised funds and donated the statue of the Genoese navigator and explorer, Christopher Columbus.[43]

Logan Monument

At Michigan Avenue and Ninth Street is a large equestrian statue of John A. Logan, dedicated in 1897.[44] Logan was a United States Major General, who had resigned his congressional seat to serve in the U.S. Army during the Civil War. He led troops in many battles throughout the West and South. After the war, he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Illinois. The monument mound, with a statue by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Alexander Phimister Proctor, was initially intended as a burial site for Logan, but his family declined to relocate the general's grave.[45]

Additions

File:BP Bridge entry.jpg
Millennium Park and the new Maggie Daley Park comprise the northern end of Grant Park

Children's Museum

The Chicago Children's Museum announced plans in 2006 for a $100 million structure to replace its facilities at Navy Pier. The museum hoped to construct an underground building on the site of Daley Bicentennial Plaza, a plan that Mayor Richard M. Daley and council members approved in 2008. Some council members and area residents opposed the project and vowed to fight the proposal.[46] After fundraising lagged, in January 2012, the Children's Museum announced that it no longer would seek a Grant Park location.[47]

In the Media

Buckingham Fountain, the Lake Front, and the Rose Gardens of Grant Park are locations for several pivotal scenes in Never Split Tens!, a novel based on the life of pioneering blackjack probability theorist Edward O. Thorp, by gambling writer Les Golden of Oak Park, Illinois, published in 2017 by Springer. The novel includes discussions of the design and architecture of the fountain as well as fountain designer Edward Bennett and city planner Daniel Burnham.

See also

File:Chicago Downtown Panorama.jpg
Grant Park, Monroe Harbor, and Chicago skyline 2004 from Museum Campus

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References

  1. ↑ Gilfoyle, Timothy (2006). Millennium Park. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226293491. 
  2. ↑ Macaluso, p. 12
  3. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  4. ↑ J. Theodore Fink, Grant Park Tomorrow, 1978, p. 42
  5. ↑ "Ward Case Summaries". neweastside.org. November 18, 2008. http://www.neweastside.org/decisions.html. Retrieved May 15, 2011. 
  6. ↑ "Grant Park: The Evolution of Chicago's Front Yard". Editors notes. Amazon. https://www.amazon.com/Grant-Park-Evolution-Chicagos-Front/dp/0809332507. Retrieved August 19, 2013. 
  7. ↑ Souter, Gerry (June 28, 2010). "Guts and Glory: The Last Great Aerial Tournament". Chicago History Journal. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100920202621/http://www.chicagohistoryjournal.com/2010/06/guts-and-glory-last-great-aerial.html. Retrieved November 9, 2010. 
  8. ↑ "Why Queen’s Landing?". Chicago Sun-Times. November 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130214144052/http://www.suntimes.com/news/transportation/8744823-418/why-queens-landing.html. Retrieved June 21, 2012. 
  9. ↑ Byrne, John; Briscoe, Tony (June 16, 2015). "Wet weather has Hawks rally at Soldier Field; free tickets online Wednesday". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-blackhawks-stanley-cup-parade-20150616-story.html. Retrieved June 16, 2015. 
  10. ↑ Hogan, Liza Kaufman (November 5, 2008). "Chicago's Grant Park turns into jubilation park". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/05/chicago.reax/?iref=mpstoryview. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  11. ↑ Fischer, Bryan. "New, fan-friendly events planned for 2015 NFL Draft in Chicago". NFL Productions LLC. http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000476415/article/new-fanfriendly-events-planned-for-2015-nfl-draft-in-chicago. Retrieved May 4, 2015. 
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161105033112/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161104/downtown/cubs-rally-parade-attendance-5-million. Retrieved 2016-11-04. 
  13. ↑ "Chicago's Largest Festivals". Crain's Chicago Business. 2007. http://chicagobusiness.datajoe.com/app/ecom/pub_viewhtml.php?listid=2022&year=2007&htmlkey=maM91S4hq44x. Retrieved August 8, 2007. Template:Dead link
  14. ↑ Kot, Greg (July 31, 2009). "Lollapalooza promoters still searching for Chicago identity". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190444/http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2009/07/lollapalooza-promoters-still-searching-for-chicago-identity.html. 
  15. ↑ Mack, Kristen (November 22, 2010). "Volunteers want to survey, save elm trees of Grant Park". Chicago Tribune (Chicagotribune.com). http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-11-22/news/ct-met-elm-trees-grant-park-20101121_1_. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  16. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter From Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times (NYTimes.com). https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  17. ↑ "Daley Bicentennial Plaza". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. https://archive.is/20080907174933/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/parks.detail/object_id/21fa6a8a-700a-4206-8080-5fbcbebb108a.cfm. Retrieved August 29, 2008. 
  18. ↑ "Daley Bicentennial Plaza". Metromix. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080913015752/http://chicago.metromix.com/events/community_venue/daley-bicentennial-plaza-grant-park-museums/142788/content. Retrieved July 29, 2008. 
  19. ↑ Rodriguez, Meredith; Secter, Bob; Eltagouri, Marwa (December 13, 2014). "Hundreds Attend Maggie Daley Park Ribbon-Cutting". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-former-mayor-makes-appearance-at-maggie-daley-park-ribboncutting-20141213-story.html. Retrieved December 15, 2014. 
  20. ↑ "Buckingham Fountain". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on March 20, 2006. https://archive.is/20060320101226/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/buckinghamfountain.fountainhome. Retrieved February 28, 2011. 
  21. ↑ Graf, John (2000). Chicago's Parks. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7385-0716-4. 
  22. ↑ Janice A. Know; Heather Olivia Belcher (2002). Then & Now: Chicago's Loop. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 0-7385-1968-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=wjBh6CmPU9YC&pg=PA14&dq=petrillo+bandshell+designed&lr=&ei=YOEpS7-_GJiSyAS888G2Cg&cd=3#v=onepage&q=petrillo%20bandshell%20designed&f=false. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  23. ↑ "Congress Plaza". Explore Chicago. City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111028091309/http://explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/congress_plaza_gardens.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
  24. ↑ "Cancer Survivors Garden". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110623060352/http://www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/cancer_survivors_garden.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  25. ↑ "Sir George Solti Garden". Public Art in Chicago. January 29, 2013. http://www.publicartinchicago.com/chicago-art-in-grant-park/. Retrieved June 16, 2015. 
  26. ↑ "Park District Announces the Grand Opening of "The Tiffany & Co. Foundation Celebration Garden" (Press release). Parkways Foundation. August 25, 2009. http://www.tiffanyandcofoundation.org/pdf/Parkways%20Garden%20Opening%208-09.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2015. 
  27. ↑ "Grant Park". http://www.choosechicago.com/articles/view/GRANT-PARK/310/. Retrieved 30 September 2015. 
  28. ↑ Krauser, Mike. "Lollapalooza Returns to Grant Park This Weekend". WBBM-TV News. http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2015/07/29/lollapalooza-returns-to-grant-park-this-weekend/. Retrieved 30 September 2015. 
  29. ↑ Srivastava, Jvoti (29 January 2013). "Chicago: Art In Grant Park". http://www.publicartinchicago.com/chicago-art-in-grant-park/. Retrieved 30 September 2014. 
  30. ↑ Putre, Laura (March 12, 2009). "Hutchinson Field emerging from Grant Park shadow". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-hutchinson-field-city-zonemar12,0,4673018.story. Retrieved July 2, 2011. 
  31. ↑ Chicago Park District Lakefront Trail Map Template:Webarchive
  32. ↑ "Monroe Harbor". The Chicago Harbors. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184905/http://www.chicagoharbors.info/harbors/monroe.php. 
  33. ↑ "DuSable Harbor". The Chicago Harbors. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184955/http://www.chicagoharbors.info/harbors/dusable.php. 
  34. ↑ LaTrace, AJ (December 8, 2014). "The Brand New Grant Park Skate Park is Now Officially Open". Curbed Chicago. http://chicago.curbed.com/archives/2014/12/08/the-brand-new-grant-park-skate-park-is-now-officially-open.php. Retrieved 2015-10-14. 
  35. ↑ "Stop #5 of Volcom’s Wild in the Parks – Grant Park Skatepark - Chicago, IL". July 30, 2015. http://www.volcom.com/news/stop-5-of-volcoms-wild-in-the-parks-grant-park-skatepark-chicago-il/. Retrieved 2015-10-14. 
  36. ↑ Matthews, David (June 19, 2015). "Mountain Dew Skate Tour Takes Shape in Grant Park". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016064142/http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150619/downtown/mountain-dew-skate-tour-takes-shape-grant-park. Retrieved 2015-10-14. 
  37. ↑ "Grant Park Bark". South Loop Dog Park Action Cooperative. http://southloopdogpac.org/south-loop-dog-parks/grant-bark-park/. Retrieved 2015-10-14. 
  38. ↑ "Dog Friendly Areas". Chicago Park District. http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/facilities/dog-friendly-areas/. Retrieved 2015-10-14. 
  39. ↑ "City Guide: Chicago Bike/Walking Trails" (PDF). Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051125/http://www.scientificsessions-365.com/Assets/AHA/PDFs/5_BikeWalkTrails.pdf. Retrieved May 24, 2012. 
  40. ↑ Noreen S. Ahmed (October 27, 2006). "Walking among iron giants; Gift to Grant Park 'not a decoration'". Chicago Tribune (HighBeam.com): p. 1. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-153422041.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  41. ↑ Andrew Herrmann (October 27, 2006). "Grant Park art is 'beyond words': Some love, some hate headless, armless figures". Chicago Sun-Times (HighBeam.com): p. 6. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1154DEFC0BC2C9B8.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  42. ↑ Bach, Ira; Gray, and Mary Lackritz (May 1983). A Guide to Chicago’s Public Sculpture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0226033990. 
  43. ↑ "Christopher Columbus". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111006170834/http://www.cpdit01.com/resources/planning-and-development.fountains-monuments-and-sculptures/Grant%20Park/Christopher%20Columbus.pdf. Retrieved July 1, 2011. 
  44. ↑ Dryfhout, John H., The Work of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, University Press of New England, Hanover, 1982 p. 230
  45. ↑ "General Joseph Logan Monument". Chicago Architecture Info. http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/2656/General-John-Logan-Monument.php. Retrieved June 15, 2015. 
  46. ↑ Kamin, Blair (April 8, 2009). "'The Bean' gets new neighbors". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-04-08/entertainment/0904070414_1_pavilions-claudia-cassidy-theater-chicago-cultural-center. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
  47. ↑ Blair Kamin (January 27, 2012). "With Children's Museum plan for Grant Park officially dead, a promising new plan emerges". Chicago Tribune. http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2012/01/with-childrens-museum-plan-for-grant-park-officially-dead-a-promising-new-plan-emerges-1.html. Retrieved January 30, 2012. 

Additional Sources

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