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World energy supply
World energy supply consists of worldwide production and preparation of fuel (combustible and nuclear), generation of electricity, and energy transport.
Mankind has always used fuel to make fire. Coal and oil extraction are very old. People have built thousands of years wind- and water mills and sailing-boats. Roughly 200 year ago large scale mining of lignite and coal provided much more fuel, enabling industrial revolution.
Here contemporary energy supply is outlined. It is a vast industry, taking about 10% of all worldwide expenditures[1] and it is crucial for the economy and for quality of life:
- for the economy, the cost of electricity and fuel is important for the competitiveness of producers and for comfort and welfare of consumers.
- for quality of life, the impact of energy production on the environment is important (air and water quality, waste management, climate disruption).
These interests are often in conflict. The industry eg. benefits from cheap electricity from coal plants but these are not climate friendly. Energy policy weighs these interests, and the importance of good relations with countries with which fuel is traded.
Lists of countries are given where most energy is produced and consumed, distinguishing fossil, nuclear and renewable energy, and referring to many conversions and transport between production and consumption. The lists are kept short to make updates feasible. Lastly the outlook on energy use until 2040 and possible changes in energy policy are summarised.
Energy production
| World primary energy production | ||||
|
Note the different y-axis for world (left) en regional (right) production | ||||
This is the world-wide production of primary energy from fossil, nuclear and renewable sources. Primary means: extracted or captured directly from natural sources. Note the strong production increase of China.
Energy sources are usually classified as
- fossil, using coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas,
- nuclear, using uranium,
- renewable, using hydro power, biomass, wind and solar energy, among others.
Primary energy assessment follows certain rules[3] to ease measurement and comparison of different kinds of energy.
The table lists the world-wide production and the countries/regions producing most (86%) of that. The Persian Gulf States are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq and Oman, in order of production. The amounts are given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (Mtoe/a, 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh). The data are of 2013.[4][5]
Production by country
| Total Mtoe/a |
Fossil | Nuclear | Renewable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WORLD | 13600 | 81% | 5% | 14% |
| China | 2570 | 86% | 1% | 13% |
| United States | 1880 | 80% | 11% | 8% |
| Persian Gulf States | 1742 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Russia | 1316 | 95% | 3% | 2% |
| Africa | 1129 | 65% | 0% | 33% |
| European Union | 793 | 47% | 29% | 26% |
| India | 523 | 59% | 2% | 39% |
| Indonesia | 460 | 84% | 0% | 16% |
| Canada | 435 | 83% | 6% | 11% |
| Brazil | 253 | 51% | 2% | 47% |
| Mexico | 217 | 92% | 1% | 7% |
| Venezuela | 192 | 96% | 0% | 4% |
| Norway | 192 | 93% | 0% | 7% |
Fossil energy production in the world is 36% coal, 38% petroleum and 26% natural gas.
The top producers in Africa are Nigeria (256), S-Africa (166) and Algeria (138).
In the EU France (136, mainly nuclear), Germany (120), UK (110), Poland (71, mainly coal) and Netherlands (69, mainly natural gas) produce most.
Between production and final consumption
| Import | Export | |
|---|---|---|
| European Union | 1451 | 539 |
| United States | 582 | 274 |
| China | 552 | 48 |
| Japan | 455 | 18 |
| India | 327 | 72 |
| South Korea | 291 | 57 |
| Middle-East | 117 | 1176 |
| Canada | 78 | 263 |
| Indonesia | 56 | 301 |
| Russia | 27 | 620 |
| Norway | 8 | 166 |
Primary energy is converted in many ways to prepare for end-use.
- Lignite and coal mainly go to power plants, see World electricity consumption section Generation. Coke is derived by destructive distillation of bituminous coal.
- Petroleum goes to oil refineries.
- Natural-gas goes to natural-gas processing plants to remove contaminants such as water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
- Uranium has to be enriched for nuclear reactors.
- Biomass is converted to biofuel.
Primary and converted energy is also traded among countries. The Persian Gulf states export most of their oil and gas, while the EU import much of these fuels. Big transport goes by tanker, truck, train and by gas pipes and electricity network. The table lists the main import and export of countries and regions in Mtoe/a. The data are of 2013.
Final consumption is about 60% of primary production. About 30% was used for conversion and transport before it reaches the end-user, and 10% for non-energy products like lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals.
Final consumption
This is the world-wide consumption of energy by end-users. This energy consists of fuel (76%), electricity (20%) and heat obtained from heat networks (4%). The table lists fuel and electricity amounts and how much of these is renewable energy. A short list of heat is shown separately. Non-energy products are not considered here.
Fuel
Fuel includes
- Fossil fuel: natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, lignite, blast furnace gas)
- Renewable fuel: biofuel and fuel derived from waste, so far as it is traded.
Electricity
Main article: World electricity consumption.
Final consumption by country
The table lists the top 40 consuming countries, which use about 90% of the consumption of all more than 190 countries. The amounts for fuel are given in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) based on net calorific value. For electricity 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. The data are of 2012.[6]
| Fuel | Electricity | Inhabitants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mtoe/a | renewable | Mtoe/a | renewable | million | |
| WOLRD | 6260 | 18% | 1630 | 21% | 7040 |
| North-America | |||||
| United States | 1000 | 7% | 321 | 13% | 314 |
| Canada | 138 | 7% | 43.2 | 59% | 34.9 |
| Mexico | 89.6 | 8% | 19.8 | 23% | 117 |
| South-America | |||||
| Brazil | 167 | 34% | 40.6 | 82% | 199 |
| Argentina | 44.2 | 5% | 10.3 | 41% | 41.1 |
| Venezuela | 42.8 | 2% | 7.6 | 65% | 30.0 |
| Europe and Russia | |||||
| Germany | 144 | 10% | 45.2 | 25% | 81.9 |
| France | 103 | 12% | 37.3 | 16% | 65.4 |
| United Kingdom | 92.1 | 5% | 27.3 | 13% | 63.7 |
| Italy | 85.8 | 7% | 25.5 | 32% | 60.9 |
| Spain | 57.9 | 11% | 20.7 | 31% | 46.2 |
| Ukraine | 43.3 | 2% | 11.9 | 8% | 45.6 |
| Poland | 45.4 | 13% | 10.5 | 10% | 38.5 |
| Netherlands | 35.3 | 3% | 9.2 | 14% | 16.8 |
| Belgium | 26.7 | 1% | 7.0 | 14% | 11.1 |
| Sweden | 15.7 | 40% | 10.9 | 60% | 9.5 |
| Austria | 18.2 | 23% | 5.4 | 77% | 8.4 |
| Russia | 206 | 1% | 63.7 | 21% | 144 |
| Mid-East | |||||
| Iran | 129 | 0 | 17.1 | 5% | 76.4 |
| Turkey | 62.4 | 9% | 16.6 | 27% | 74.9 |
| Saudi Arabia | 59.2 | 0 | 19.8 | 0 | 28.3 |
| Arab Emirates | 41.8 | 0 | 7.5 | 0 | 9.2 |
| Southern Asia | |||||
| China | 1140 | 19% | 355 | 20% | 1360 |
| India | 401 | 43% | 74.7 | 16% | 1240 |
| Japan | 191 | 1% | 79.4 | 12% | 128 |
| Indonesia | 134 | 40% | 15.1 | 11% | 247 |
| South Korea | 76.6 | 4% | 41.4 | 2% | 50.0 |
| Thailand | 59.0 | 26% | 13.9 | 9% | 67.7 |
| Pakistan | 62.3 | 47% | 6.6 | 29% | 179 |
| Vietnam | 41.8 | 34% | 9.4 | 40% | 88.8 |
| Taiwan | 26.9 | 1% | 19.1 | 5% | 23.4 |
| Uzbekistan | 27.6 | 0 | 3.7 | 26% | 29.8 |
| Malaysia | 28.4 | 1% | 10.4 | 16% | 29.2 |
| Kazakhstan | 28.3 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 12% | 16.8 |
| Australia and Africa | |||||
| Australia | 56.6 | 8% | 18.0 | 9% | 23.1 |
| Nigeria | 113 | 88% | 2.2 | 23% | 169 |
| South Africa | 49.4 | 22% | 17.0 | 2% | 52.3 |
| Egypt | 36.8 | 4% | 12.1 | 12% | 80.7 |
| Algeria | 24.7 | 0 | 3.5 | 1% | 38.5 |
Heat
| Heat (Mtoe/a) | |
|---|---|
| WORLD | 287 |
| Russia | 124 |
| China | 71 |
| Germany | 10 |
| Poland | 6 |
| United States | 6 |
| Sweden | 5 |
| South Korea | 5 |
Heat, not generated with fuel or electricity by end-users but delivered to them as hot water, is treated separately in energy statistics. But these statistics are incomplete. Only China and Russia report large amounts. India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Brazil and Mexico are listed as zero, which is unlikely.
See also
"Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power" in Mark Jacobson.
Notes and references
- ↑ http://www.leonardo-energy.org/blog/world-energy-expenditures
- ↑ quad = 1015 Btu = 293 TWh, eia.gov–U.S. Energy Information Administration International Energy Statistics
- ↑ IEA Statistics manual, chapter 7
- Fossil: based on lower heating value.
- Nuclear: heat produced by nuclear reactions, 3 times the electric energy, based on 33% efficiency of nuclear plants.
- Renewable: biomass based on lower heating value. Electric energy produced by hydropower, wind turbines and solar panels. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as primary in energy statistics. Geothermal energy used in power plants is set at 10 times the electric energy, assuming 10% efficiency.
- ↑ IEA Statistics search, Balances
- ↑ The International Energy Agency uses the energy unit Mtoe. Practically the same data are presented by the US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov/ expressed in quads. 1 quad = 1015 BTU = 25.2 Mtoe.
- ↑ IEA Statistics search, Balances