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Family Constellations: Difference between revisions
(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Constellations&oldid=1055148078 14 November 2021) |
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{{ | {{Short description|Form of pseudotherapy}} | ||
{{Paranormal}} | {{Paranormal}} | ||
[[File:Konst1014.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations session]] | [[File:Konst1014.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations session]] | ||
'''Family Constellations''', also known as '''Systemic Constellations''' and '''Systemic Family Constellations''', is | '''Family Constellations''', also known as '''Systemic Constellations''' and '''Systemic Family Constellations''', is a therapeutic method which draws on elements of [[family systems therapy]], [[existential phenomenology]] and [[Zulu people|isiZulu]] beliefs and attitudes to family.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1066480706287279|title="Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany|year=2006|last1=Cohen|first1=D. B.|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226–233|s2cid=145474250}}</ref> In a single session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past. | ||
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. The method has been described by physicists as [[quantum mysticism]], and its founder [[Bert Hellinger]] incorporated the speculative idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=First Person Jewish |first1=Alisa |last1=Lebow |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4354-7 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy |edition=illustrated |first1=Tomasz |last1=Witkowski |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62734-528-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 Extract of page 261]</ref> | Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. The method has been described by physicists as [[quantum mysticism]], and its founder [[Bert Hellinger]] incorporated the speculative idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=First Person Jewish |first1=Alisa |last1=Lebow |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4354-7 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy |edition=illustrated |first1=Tomasz |last1=Witkowski |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62734-528-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 Extract of page 261]</ref> | ||
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Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process. | Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process. | ||
The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. | The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma. Recent research in animals has indicated that trauma can be passed down the generations. Brian Dias at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta and his team, have provided some of the best evidence yet for the inheritance of memories or traits across generations.<ref> Nature Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3594.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24677-fear-of-a-smell-can-be-passed-down-several-generations/#ixzz7Bv24EjqX.|title = Fear of a smell can be passed down several generations}}</ref> They found that the children as well as the grandchildren of mice who had been conditioned with electric shocks to fear the smell of cherry blossom, had a fear response when exposed to cherry blossom smell. This happened even though the offspring were never exposed to cherry blossoms before.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2013/12/smell_epigenetics_ressler/campus.html|title=Mice can inherit learned sensitivity to a smell|date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The mechanism through which this is done is theorised to be [[epigenetics]], after the Greek 'epi' (beyond) and genetics. This school of thought claims there are markers on genes that can be switched on and off depending on what is happening in the environment, a process which is called [[methylation]]. Findings of changes in [[DNA]] of Canadian '[[ice storm]] babies' have corroborated this mechanism in humans too. Changes in gene expression were found in children, even 13 years after their then pregnant mothers were in significant distress due to the 45-day electricity cut and extreme cold in 1998. Scientists from the Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University are continuing to study the after effects on the now teenagers.<ref> | ||
One premise of | |||
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24677-fear-of-a-smell-can-be-passed-down-several-generations/#ixzz7Bv24EjqX.</ref>. The mechanism through which this is done is theorised to be [[epigenetics]], after the Greek 'epi' (beyond) and genetics. This school of | |||
DNA Methylation Signatures Triggered by Prenatal Maternal Stress Exposure to a Natural Disaster: Project Ice Storm | DNA Methylation Signatures Triggered by Prenatal Maternal Stress Exposure to a Natural Disaster: Project Ice Storm | ||
Lei Cao-Lei, Renaud Massart, Matthew J. Suderman, Ziv Machnes, Guillaume Elgbeili, David P. Laplante, Moshe Szyf, Suzanne King | Lei Cao-Lei, Renaud Massart, Matthew J. Suderman, Ziv Machnes, Guillaume Elgbeili, David P. Laplante, Moshe Szyf, Suzanne King | ||
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653 </ref> <ref>Cao-Lei, L., Elgbeili, G., Massart, R. et al. Pregnant women’s cognitive appraisal of a natural disaster affects DNA methylation in their children 13 years later: Project Ice Storm. Transl Psychiatry 5, e515 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.13</ref> | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653 </ref><ref>Cao-Lei, L., Elgbeili, G., Massart, R. et al. Pregnant women’s cognitive appraisal of a natural disaster affects DNA methylation in their children 13 years later: Project Ice Storm. Transl Psychiatry 5, e515 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.13</ref> | ||
==The method== | ==The method== | ||
Revision as of 11:30, 5 August 2024
Template:Short description Template:Paranormal
Family Constellations, also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, is a therapeutic method which draws on elements of family systems therapy, existential phenomenology and isiZulu beliefs and attitudes to family.[1] In a single session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of cognitive, behaviour and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The method has been described by physicists as quantum mysticism, and its founder Bert Hellinger incorporated the speculative idea of morphic resonance into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as suggestion and empathy.[2][3][4]
Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as systemic entanglements, said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.[5] The psychiatrist Iván Böszörményi-Nagy referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".[6]
Conceptual basis
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of existential phenomenology, family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.
The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This perspective stands in contrast to the positivist reductionist orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.[7]
Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Influential figures in this movement include Jacob Moreno, the founder of psychodrama; Iván Böszörményi-Nagy, the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; Milton Erickson, a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; Eric Berne who conceived the concept of life scripts; and Virginia Satir, who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.[7] In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.
The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a Roman Catholic priest in South Africa for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the Zulu language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.[7]
Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.[8] In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.[9] The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.
The term "Family Constellations" was first used by Alfred Adler in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma. Recent research in animals has indicated that trauma can be passed down the generations. Brian Dias at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta and his team, have provided some of the best evidence yet for the inheritance of memories or traits across generations.[10][11] They found that the children as well as the grandchildren of mice who had been conditioned with electric shocks to fear the smell of cherry blossom, had a fear response when exposed to cherry blossom smell. This happened even though the offspring were never exposed to cherry blossoms before.[12] The mechanism through which this is done is theorised to be epigenetics, after the Greek 'epi' (beyond) and genetics. This school of thought claims there are markers on genes that can be switched on and off depending on what is happening in the environment, a process which is called methylation. Findings of changes in DNA of Canadian 'ice storm babies' have corroborated this mechanism in humans too. Changes in gene expression were found in children, even 13 years after their then pregnant mothers were in significant distress due to the 45-day electricity cut and extreme cold in 1998. Scientists from the Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University are continuing to study the after effects on the now teenagers.[13][14]
The method
Template:More citations needed section
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.[7] Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.[15] The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness studies to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.
- A group (workshop) is led by a facilitator. In turn, members of the group can explore an urgent personal issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
- After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
- The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
- Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent. Initially, unlike psychodrama, the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role-play.
- Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is supposedly to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the Knowing Field[16] and former biologist Rupert Sheldrake has suggested is morphic resonance.[17] The Knowing Field is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent; however, representative perception (morphic resonance) is not a concept with any scientific basis. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that are thought to inform the process.
- The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may believe they perceive an underlying dynamic in the spatial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the pertinent personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family is thought to reveal that traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
- A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after repositioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
- When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "replace his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.
References
- ↑ Cohen, D. B. (2006). ""Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany". The Family Journal 14 (3): 226–233. doi:10.1177/1066480706287279.
- ↑ Carroll, Robert T.. "Bert Hellinger and family constellations". skepdic.com. http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html.
- ↑ Lebow, Alisa (2008). First Person Jewish. U of Minnesota Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8166-4354-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC.
- ↑ Witkowski, Tomasz (2015). Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy (illustrated ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-62734-528-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ. Extract of page 261
- ↑ Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
- ↑ Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cohen, D. B. (2006). "Family Constellations": An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 14, 226-233.
- ↑ Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).
- ↑ Lawson, E. T. (1985). Religions of Africa. New York: Harper and Row.
- ↑ Nature Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3594.
- ↑ "Fear of a smell can be passed down several generations". https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24677-fear-of-a-smell-can-be-passed-down-several-generations/#ixzz7Bv24EjqX..
- ↑ "Mice can inherit learned sensitivity to a smell". 2 December 2013. https://news.emory.edu/stories/2013/12/smell_epigenetics_ressler/campus.html.
- ↑ DNA Methylation Signatures Triggered by Prenatal Maternal Stress Exposure to a Natural Disaster: Project Ice Storm Lei Cao-Lei, Renaud Massart, Matthew J. Suderman, Ziv Machnes, Guillaume Elgbeili, David P. Laplante, Moshe Szyf, Suzanne King https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107653
- ↑ Cao-Lei, L., Elgbeili, G., Massart, R. et al. Pregnant women’s cognitive appraisal of a natural disaster affects DNA methylation in their children 13 years later: Project Ice Storm. Transl Psychiatry 5, e515 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.13
- ↑ "The Constellation Approach"
- ↑ Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit [Intellectual cures for a new time]. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.
- ↑ Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.
Further reading
- Boszormenyi-Nagy, Ivan; Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Harper & Row.
- Singer; Lalich, Janja (1996). Crazy Therapies. Jossey-Bass.