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'''Family Constellations''' (a subset application of [[Systemic Constellations]]) is an experiential process that aims to release and resolve profound tensions within and between people. The development of the process can be traced through a lineage of philosophers and therapists including [[Edmund Husserl]] the father of phenomenology, [[Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy]] , the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking, [[Virginia Satir]] who developed family sculpture the precursor of Systemic Constellations and [[Bert Hellinger]]. In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world. These include psychiatrists (Gunthard Weber and Albrecht Mahr, Germany; Chris Walsh, Australia), psychologists (Hunter Beaumont, Germany; Marta Thorsheim, Norway, Edward Lynch and Dan Booth Cohen, USA; Judith Hemming, UK), as well as many alternative care providers.
'''Family Constellations''' (a subset application of [[Systemic Constellations]]) is an experiential process that aims to release and resolve profound tensions within and between people. [[Bert Hellinger]], the German philosopher-psychologist is considered the founder of Family Constellations in their modern form.<ref>International Systemic Constellations Association (2012). Foundations of Systemic Constellations. Retrieved January 19, 2012 from http://www.isca-network.org/FoundationsE</ref>


The term Family Constellations was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system.  
The process diverges from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]] in several key respects. In a single session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal a previously unrecognized systemic dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject to accept the factual reality of the past.
 
Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected now are unaware of the original event in the past. A theoretical foundation for this concept is called ''The Ancestor Syndrome'' in psychology.<ref>Schützenberger, A. A. (1998). ''The ancestor syndrome: Transgenerational psychotherapy and the hidden links in the family tree'' (A. Trager, Trans.). London: Routledge.</ref> Recent findings in [[epigenetics]] research supports the concept that after-effects of trauma can be passed to subsequent generations.<ref>BBC/Nova (2008). [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1128045835761675934 ''The Ghost in Your Genes'']. Retrieved January 19, 2012.</ref> Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as ''Systemic entanglements,'' said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as ''Invisible Loyalties''.<ref>Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). ''Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy''. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.</ref>
 
==Lineage==
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of [[existential phenomenology]] family systems therapy and elements of indigenous spiritual mysticism.
 
The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This perspective stands in contrast to the [[positivist]] [[reductionist]] orientation of the scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.<ref name=Cohen>Cohen, D. B. (2006). "Family Constellations": An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. ''The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families'', 14, 226-233.</ref>
 
Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Leading figures in this movement whose influence can be recognized include [[Jacob Moreno]], the founder of [[psychodrama]]; [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]], the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; [[Milton Erickson]], a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; [[Eric Berne]] who conceived the concept of ''life scripts''; and [[Virginia Satir]], who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.<ref name=Cohen /> In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.
 
The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a [[Roman Catholic]] priest in [[South Africa]] for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] language, participated in their rituals, and gained an appreciation for their distinct worldview.<ref name=Cohen />
 
Of particular importance is the difference between traditional [[Zulu people|Zulu]] attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. [[Heidegger]] postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the ancestors were the central focal point. The ancestors were regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.
 
The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system.


==The method==
==The method==
[[Image:Konst1014.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
[[Image:Family constellation.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
* A group (workshop participants) is led by a facilitator.  In turn, members of the group can explore an urgent personal issue.  Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.<ref name=Cohen /> Many practitioners continue to work with this classic form, often called Systemic Constellations, while others have used it as a starting point for further evolution and adaptation, such as the Constellation Approach<ref>[http://www.constellationapproach.com "The Constellation Approach"] [http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html "The Constellation Approach""The Approach"]</ref>. The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness theories.
* After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation.  These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
* The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to be representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
* Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent in their places.  Unlike [[psychodrama]] the representatives do not act, pose or role play.    
* Emphasis is placed on intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is to tap into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the ''Knowing Field'' ({{harvnb|Mahr| 1999}}). The ''Knowing Field'' is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent.  The mechanisms behind this ''representative perception'' is not fully understood. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent.  Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations which inform the process.
* The facilitator may ask each representative to describe how it feels to be placed in relation to the others.  At this point, the facilitator, seeker, and group members may perceive something in the spacial relationships and feelings held by the representatives that is informative regarding an underlying dynamic that relates to the presenting personal issue.
* A healing resolution for the issue generally involves the repositioning the representatives and for the facilitator to suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud.  If the representatives do not feel better in their new position or sentence, they can move again or try a different sentence.  Sometimes the process ends before a full resolution is achieved.
A ''healing resolution'' is achieved when every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree. This is claimed to represent, in an abstract way, a possible resolution of the issues faced by the subject of the session.


Along the way to finding this ''healing resolution'', particular attention is paid by the practitioner to configurations of the group that do not feel right or which generate negative feelings or physical sensations. It is claimed that such configurations may represent ''systemic entanglements'' between the seeker's family members. ''Systemic entanglements'' are said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse. Proponents claim that the negative legacy from such events can be passed down to succeeding generations, even if those affected now are unaware of the original event in the past. The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as ''Invisible Loyalties'' ({{harvnb|Böszörményi-Nagy & Spark| 1973}})
* A group (workshop) is led by a facilitator. In turn, members of the group can explore an urgent personal issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
* After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
* The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
* Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent in their places. Unlike [[psychodrama]], the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role play.
* Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the ''Knowing Field''<ref>Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In ''Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit'' [''Intellectual cures for a new time'']. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.</ref><ref>Mahr, A. (2004, June). Family constellations: Failure, evil, and guilt as sources for loving dedication and compassionate strength. Paper presented at the International Transpersonal Association Conference, Palm Springs, CA. Retrieved July 1, 2008, from http://www.collectivewisdominitiative.org/papers/ bmahr_constellations.htm</ref> and biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]] has theorized is [[morphic resonance]].<ref>Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.</ref> The ''Knowing Field'' is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent. The mechanisms behind ''representative perception'' ([[morphic resonance]]) are not fully understood. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that inform the process.
* The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may perceive an underlying dynamic in the spacial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the presenting personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family reveals that severe traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
* A healing resolution for the issue generally is achieved after re-positioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
*When the facilitator feels the healing resolution take hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to replace his/her representative in the Constellation. This allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.


==Criticisms==
==Criticisms==
While participants in Family Constellations sessions report positive outcomes ({{harvnb|Cohen| 2009}}; {{harvnb|Cohen| 2005}}; {{Harvnb |Franke| 2003}}; {{Harvnb |Lynch & Tucker| 2005}}; {{Harvnb |Payne| 2005}}), the approach explicitly diverges from much of mainstream [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[behavioral psychology|behavioral]], and [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy]].
While participants in Family-Constellations sessions report positive outcomes,<ref>Cohen, D. B. (2009) ''I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison''. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Auer Verlag</ref><ref name=Cohen /><ref>Franke, U. (2003). ''The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger's family constellations'' (K. Luebe, Trans.). Heidelberg, Germany: Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag.</ref><ref>Lynch, J. E., & Tucker, S. (Eds.). (2005). ''Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref><ref>Payne, J. L. (2005). ''The healing of individuals, families, and nations: Trans-generational healing and family constellations''. Forres, Scotland: Findhorn.</ref> the approach explicitly diverges from much of mainstream [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[behavioral psychology|behavioral]], and [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy]].<ref>Singer, M. T., & Lalich, J. (1996). ''Crazy therapies: What are they? Do they work?'' San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</ref> [[Scientific skepticism|Skeptics]] have characterized Family Constellation therapy as based on "quackery,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepdic.com/hellinger.html |title=Bert Hellinger |publisher=Skepdic.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29}}</ref> and dismiss the concept of the morphic field as having no empirical basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepdic.com/morphicres.html |title=Morphic Resonance |publisher=Skepdic.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29}}</ref>


* As the Family Constellation method does not lend itself to being empirically validated by scientific research methods, it can only be defended from a [[Phenomenological psychology|phenomenological]] aproach.
As the Family Constellation method does not lend itself to being empirically validated by scientific research methods, it can only be defended from a [[Phenomenological psychology|phenomenological]] approach.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}


* There are national accrediting associations for Family Constellations in many countries, however not all practitioners are properly trained and accredited.
There are national accrediting associations for Family Constellations in many countries. However, not all practitioners are trained and accredited.


* Some practitioners claim the process can resolve profound issues in subject's lives in a single session.  This seems implausibly short to defenders of empirically validated psychotherapeutic methods ({{harvnb|Singer & Lalich| 1996}}).
==Notes==
{{reflist}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Systemic Constellations]]
* [[Systemic Constellations]]
* http://www.isca-network.org/FoundationsE: Foundations of Systemic Constellations—the most thoroughly researched and edited article on the history of Family Constellations as developed by Bert Hellinger, by Chris Walsh, MD http://www.constellationflow.com/contact.php
* [http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html The Constellation Approach]
==References==
==References==
<references />
* {{cite book | last=Boszormenyi-Nagy| first=Ivan| last2=Spark | first2=G. M.
* {{Citation | surname1=Boszormenyi-Nagy| given1=Ivan| & | surname2=Spark | given2=G.M.| year=1973.| title=Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy.| publisher=Harper & Row.}}
  | year=1973
* {{Citation | surname=Cohen| given=Dan Booth | title= I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison | publisher=Carl Auer-Systeme Verlag International| year=2009 }}.
  | title=Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy
* {{Citation | surname=Cohen| given=Dan Booth | chapter= Begin with the work: Constellations in large group sysyems. | editor=E.J. Lynch & S. Tucker | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners.| publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen| year=2005 }}.
  | publisher=Harper & Row}}
* {{Citation | surname=Franke| given1=Ursula.| year= 2003| title= The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger’s family constellations |   publisher=Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag }}.
* {{cite book | last=Cohen| first=Dan Booth
* {{Citation | surname1=Lynch| given1=Ed | & | surname2=Tucker | given2=Suzi | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners.| publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen| year=2005 }}.
  | title= I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison
* {{Citation | surname=Mahr| given=Albrecht| year=1999| chapter= Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen (The knowing field: Family constealltions as mental and energetic healing).| title=Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit| publisher=Kösel Verlag }}
  | publisher=Carl Auer-Systeme Verlag International| year=2009 }}
* {{Citation | surname=Payne| given=John | title= The Healing of Individuals, Families and Nations: Trans-generational healing & family constellations| publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2005 }}.
* {{cite book | last=Cohen| first=Dan Booth
*{{Citation | surname=Payne| given=John | title= The Language of the Soul: Trans-Generational Healing & Family Constellations| publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2006 }}.
  | chapter= Begin with the work: Constellations in large group systems
* {{Citation | surname=Singer| given=Margaret Thaler | & |surname2=Lalich| given2=Janja| title= Crazy Therapies| publisher=Jossey-Bass| year=1996 }}.
  | editor=E. J. Lynch & S. Tucker
  | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners
  | publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen| year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Franke | first=Ursula | year= 2003
  | title= The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger's family constellations
  | publisher=Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag }}
* {{cite book | last=Lynch | first=Ed | last2=Tucker | first2=Suzi
  | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners
  | publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen | year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mahr | first=Albrecht | year=1999
  | chapter= Das wissende Feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches Heilen (The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing)
  | title=Geistiges heilen für eine neue Zeit | publisher=Kösel Verlag }}
* {{cite web | last=Mahr | first=Albrecht | year=2004
  | title=Family Constellations – Failure, Evil, and Guilt as Sources for Loving Dedication and Compassionate Strength
  | url=http://www.collectivewisdominitiative.org/papers/mahr_constellations.htm
  | publisher=Collective Wisdom Initiative}}
* {{cite book | last=Payne | first=John L.
  | title= The Healing of Individuals, Families and Nations: Trans-generational healing & family constellations
  | publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Payne | first=John L.
  | title= The Language of the Soul: Trans-Generational Healing & Family Constellations
  | publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2006 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singer | last2=Lalich | first2=Janja
  | title= Crazy Therapies | publisher=Jossey-Bass | year=1996 }}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.constellationworkshops.co.uk Family constellation workshops in London, UK]
* [http://www.reddyworks.com ReddyWorks, Michael Reddy, Ph.D.; Workshops in the Philadelphia area]
* [http://tfj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/226 Article on Family Constellations]
* [http://tfj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/226 Article on Family Constellations]
* [[To understand the workings attend a workshop]]
* [http://gradworks.umi.com/33/44/3344884.html Dissertation on Family Constellations]
* [http://gradworks.umi.com/33/44/3344884.html Dissertation on Family Constellations]
* [http://www.anzjft.com/pages/sample_articles.php?oldcommand=article_search&id=395&searchtext=stiefel&category=&page=1 Article from Australian and New Zealand Jornal of Family Therapy]
* [http://www.anzjft.com/pages/sample_articles.php?oldcommand=article_search&id=395&searchtext=stiefel&category=&page=1 Article from Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xwTGAHeZx8 Short Film Example (in German)]
* [http://www.constellationapproach.com/family-constellations.html Specific techniques and concepts used in Family Constellations]  
* [http://hellinger.langhofer.at/index.php?id=107 Homepage of Bert Hellinger]
* [http://www.seattleconstellations.net/ Seattle Constellations Network, Seattle, WA, USA]
* [http://english.constellations-lahore.com/ French Institute of Family and Systemic Constellations]
* [http://www.familyconstellations.net/ Author John L. Payne Website]
* [http://www.familyconstellations-usa.com/ Information and referrals for the US]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/16273054/Overview-of-Systemic-Constellation-Work/ Comparison of Systemic Constellation Work and psychodrama]
 
 
[[Category:Family therapy]]
[[Category:Family therapy]]
 
{{Alternative medicine}}
[[bg:Фамилна констелация]]
[[ca:Constel·lacions familiars]]
[[cs:Rodinné konstelace]]
[[de:Familienaufstellung]]
[[es:Constelaciones familiares]]
[[fr:Constellation familiale]]
[[hu:Családfelállítás]]
[[nl:Familieopstelling]]
[[no:Familiekonstellasjoner]]
[[pt:Constelações familiares]]
[[ru:Системно-семейные расстановки]]

Revision as of 18:18, 4 August 2024

Family Constellations (a subset application of Systemic Constellations) is an experiential process that aims to release and resolve profound tensions within and between people. Bert Hellinger, the German philosopher-psychologist is considered the founder of Family Constellations in their modern form.[1]

The process diverges from conventional forms of cognitive, behaviour and psychodynamic psychotherapy in several key respects. In a single session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal a previously unrecognized systemic dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject to accept the factual reality of the past.

Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected now are unaware of the original event in the past. A theoretical foundation for this concept is called The Ancestor Syndrome in psychology.[2] Recent findings in epigenetics research supports the concept that after-effects of trauma can be passed to subsequent generations.[3] Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as Systemic entanglements, said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.[4] The psychiatrist Iván Böszörményi-Nagy referred to this phenomenon as Invisible Loyalties.[5]

Lineage

The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of existential phenomenology family systems therapy and elements of indigenous spiritual mysticism.

The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This perspective stands in contrast to the positivist reductionist orientation of the scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.[6]

Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Leading figures in this movement whose influence can be recognized include Jacob Moreno, the founder of psychodrama; Iván Böszörményi-Nagy, the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; Milton Erickson, a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; Eric Berne who conceived the concept of life scripts; and Virginia Satir, who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.[6] In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.

The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a Roman Catholic priest in South Africa for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the Zulu language, participated in their rituals, and gained an appreciation for their distinct worldview.[6]

Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.[7] In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the ancestors were the central focal point. The ancestors were regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.[8] The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.

The term "Family Constellations" was first used by Alfred Adler in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system.

The method

File:Family constellation.jpg
Family Constellations

This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.[6] Many practitioners continue to work with this classic form, often called Systemic Constellations, while others have used it as a starting point for further evolution and adaptation, such as the Constellation Approach[9]. The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness theories.

  • A group (workshop) is led by a facilitator. In turn, members of the group can explore an urgent personal issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
  • After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
  • The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
  • Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent in their places. Unlike psychodrama, the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role play.
  • Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the Knowing Field[10][11] and biologist Rupert Sheldrake has theorized is morphic resonance.[12] The Knowing Field is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent. The mechanisms behind representative perception (morphic resonance) are not fully understood. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that inform the process.
  • The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may perceive an underlying dynamic in the spacial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the presenting personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family reveals that severe traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
  • A healing resolution for the issue generally is achieved after re-positioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
  • When the facilitator feels the healing resolution take hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to replace his/her representative in the Constellation. This allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.

Criticisms

While participants in Family-Constellations sessions report positive outcomes,[13][6][14][15][16] the approach explicitly diverges from much of mainstream cognitive, behavioral, and Psychodynamic psychotherapy.[17] Skeptics have characterized Family Constellation therapy as based on "quackery,"[18] and dismiss the concept of the morphic field as having no empirical basis.[19]

As the Family Constellation method does not lend itself to being empirically validated by scientific research methods, it can only be defended from a phenomenological approach.Template:Citation needed

There are national accrediting associations for Family Constellations in many countries. However, not all practitioners are trained and accredited.

Notes

  1. ↑ International Systemic Constellations Association (2012). Foundations of Systemic Constellations. Retrieved January 19, 2012 from http://www.isca-network.org/FoundationsE
  2. ↑ Schützenberger, A. A. (1998). The ancestor syndrome: Transgenerational psychotherapy and the hidden links in the family tree (A. Trager, Trans.). London: Routledge.
  3. ↑ BBC/Nova (2008). The Ghost in Your Genes. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  4. ↑ Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
  5. ↑ Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Cohen, D. B. (2006). "Family Constellations": An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 14, 226-233.
  7. ↑ Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).
  8. ↑ Lawson, E. T. (1985). Religions of Africa. New York: Harper and Row.
  9. ↑ "The Constellation Approach" "The Constellation Approach""The Approach"
  10. ↑ Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit [Intellectual cures for a new time]. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.
  11. ↑ Mahr, A. (2004, June). Family constellations: Failure, evil, and guilt as sources for loving dedication and compassionate strength. Paper presented at the International Transpersonal Association Conference, Palm Springs, CA. Retrieved July 1, 2008, from http://www.collectivewisdominitiative.org/papers/ bmahr_constellations.htm
  12. ↑ Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.
  13. ↑ Cohen, D. B. (2009) I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Auer Verlag
  14. ↑ Franke, U. (2003). The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger's family constellations (K. Luebe, Trans.). Heidelberg, Germany: Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag.
  15. ↑ Lynch, J. E., & Tucker, S. (Eds.). (2005). Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
  16. ↑ Payne, J. L. (2005). The healing of individuals, families, and nations: Trans-generational healing and family constellations. Forres, Scotland: Findhorn.
  17. ↑ Singer, M. T., & Lalich, J. (1996). Crazy therapies: What are they? Do they work? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  18. ↑ "Bert Hellinger". Skepdic.com. http://skepdic.com/hellinger.html. Retrieved 2013-05-29. 
  19. ↑ "Morphic Resonance". Skepdic.com. http://skepdic.com/morphicres.html. Retrieved 2013-05-29. 

See also

References

  • Boszormenyi-Nagy, Ivan; Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Harper & Row. 
  • Cohen, Dan Booth (2009). I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison. Carl Auer-Systeme Verlag International. 
  • Cohen, Dan Booth (2005). "Begin with the work: Constellations in large group systems". in E. J. Lynch & S. Tucker. Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners. Zeig, Tucker & Theisen. 
  • Franke, Ursula (2003). The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger's family constellations. Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag. 
  • Lynch, Ed; Tucker, Suzi (2005). Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners. Zeig, Tucker & Theisen. 
  • Mahr, Albrecht (1999). "Das wissende Feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches Heilen (The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing)". Geistiges heilen für eine neue Zeit. Kösel Verlag. 
  • Mahr, Albrecht (2004). "Family Constellations – Failure, Evil, and Guilt as Sources for Loving Dedication and Compassionate Strength". Collective Wisdom Initiative. http://www.collectivewisdominitiative.org/papers/mahr_constellations.htm. 
  • Payne, John L. (2005). The Healing of Individuals, Families and Nations: Trans-generational healing & family constellations. Findhorn Press. 
  • Payne, John L. (2006). The Language of the Soul: Trans-Generational Healing & Family Constellations. Findhorn Press. 
  • Singer; Lalich, Janja (1996). Crazy Therapies. Jossey-Bass. 

External links

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