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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Most people,<ref>''Numen'', volume 49, page 388/Williams, ''Buddhism'', Routledge, Volume III, 2005, page 403</ref> including most Buddhists,<ref>Chryssides & Greaves, ''Study of Religion'', Continuum Press, 2007, page 13</ref> consider '''Buddhism''' to be a religion, and modern western textbooks on religions regularly include a chapter on it,<ref>''Buddhism Questioning Christianity'', ed Anreas Bsteh, English translation St Gabriel Publishing, Moedling, Austria, 2010, page 198</ref> though most scholars agree that there is not a clear-cut distinction between religion and philosophy in Buddhism.<ref>Schroeder, ''Skillful Means'', University of Hawai'i Press, 2001, page 5</ref> It is the oldest of the three religions that have transcended ethnicity and spread round the world on a large scale.<ref>Bechert and Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 7; Sopher, ''Geography of Religion'', Prentice-Hall, 1967, page 7; the other two are [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]; others have done so on a much smaller scale</ref> It is the official religion in Bhutan, Cambodia and Sri Lanka.<ref>Fox, ''World Survey of Religion and the State'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, Table 7.1 [page 182]</ref> There are significantly large communities of Buddhists in 126 countries.<ref>''World Christian Encyclopedia'', 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, 2001, volume 1, page 3</ref> More than half the world population is located in areas where Buddhism has been dominant at some point in history.<ref>''Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions'', 2010, page 371</ref> Most scholars estimate the world Buddhist population as around 480,000,000 (''Understanding the Religions of the World'', ed Deming, Wiley Blackwell, 2015, page 63). | |||
Scholars do not try to identify any essence or defining characterization of Buddhism,<ref>Lopez, ''The Scientific Buddha'', Yale University Press, 2012, page 15</ref> though its different forms have family resemblances (Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2012, page 4). | |||
==Teachings== | ==Teachings== | ||
The received wisdom among American and European scholars, though contested, is that the central teachings of all or most traditions of [[Buddhism]] are the Four Noble Truths | The received wisdom among American and European scholars, though contested, is that the central teachings of all or most traditions of [[Buddhism]] are the Four Noble Truths,<ref>''History of Religions'', volume 42, page 389 </ref> of | ||
#suffering | |||
#the cause of suffering, | |||
#the cessation of suffering, | |||
#the path leading to the cessation of suffering;<ref>Jerryson & Juergensmeyer, ''Buddhist Warfare'', Oxford University Press, 2010, page 15, note 5; Keown, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 1996, chapter 4; ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions'', page 78</ref> | |||
there are a variety of interpretations.<ref>Jerryson & Juergensmeyer, ''Buddhist Warfare'', Oxford University Press, 2010, page 5</ref> | |||
==Institutions== | ==Institutions== | ||
Buddhism is dominated by the monastic Order,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 9</ref> though in Japan nearly all male clergy are married.<ref>''History of Religions'', volume 43, page 167</ref> | Buddhism is dominated by the monastic Order,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 9</ref> though in Japan nearly all male clergy are married.<ref>''History of Religions'', volume 43, page 167</ref> The Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese traditions preserve an order of nuns<ref>Macmillan ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2004 (Volume Two), pages 607f</ref> subordinate to the monks.<ref>Macmillan ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2004 (Volume One), page 353</ref> | ||
==Schools== | ==Schools== | ||
Buddhists identify themselves as either [[Theravada]] or [[Mahayana]].<ref>Keown, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 1996, page 11</ref> These are different vehicles for going along the same path.<ref>Oxtoby & Amore, ''World Religions: Eastern Tradtions'', Oxford University Press, 2010, page 205/Oxtoby & Segal, ''Concise Introduction to the World Religions'', Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2007, page 398/2nd ed, 2012, page 394</ref> | Buddhists identify themselves as either [[Theravada]] or [[Mahayana]].<ref>Keown, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press: 1st edition, 1996, page 11; 2nd edition, 2013, page 13</ref> These are different vehicles for going along the same path.<ref>Oxtoby & Amore, ''World Religions: Eastern Tradtions'', Oxford University Press, 2010, page 205/4th edition, page 218/Oxtoby & Segal, ''Concise Introduction to the World Religions'', Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2007, page 398/2nd ed, 2012, page 394</ref> | ||
Most scholars agree with Theravada's claim to be extremely conservative.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge: 1st ed, 1988, page 21/2nd ed, 2006, page 22</ref> It can be regarded as a single denomination.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, 1st ed, 1988/2nd ed, 2006, page 3</ref> | Most scholars agree with Theravada's claim to be extremely conservative.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge: 1st ed, 1988, page 21/2nd ed, 2006, page 22</ref> It can be regarded as a single denomination.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, 1st ed, 1988/2nd ed, 2006, page 3</ref> | ||
There is a growing consensus among scholars that Mahayana is not characterized by a collection of beliefs or practices.<ref>''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'', volume 30, page 219</ref> It emphasizes adapting the teachings to suit different people, and is thus very diverse.<ref>Williams, ''Mahayana Buddhism'', 2nd ed, 2006, Routledge, pages 1f</ref> The most popular form of Buddhism is [[Pure Land]].<ref>[http:// | There is a growing consensus among scholars that Mahayana is not characterized by a collection of beliefs or practices.<ref>''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'', volume 30, page 219</ref> It emphasizes adapting the teachings to suit different people, and is thus very diverse.<ref>Williams, ''Mahayana Buddhism'', 2nd ed, 2006, Routledge, pages 1f</ref> The most popular form of Buddhism is [[Pure Land]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180918172946/http://www.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/buddhism/BGLOSSRY.HTM#ltr.p Flesher, ''Exploring Religions'', University of Wyoming]</ref> It offers a way of salvation based on faith alone.<ref>Oxtoby & Amore, ''World Religions: Eastern Traditions'', Oxford University Press, 2010, page 211/4th edition, page 224/Oxtoby & Segal, ''Concise Introduction to World Religions'', 2nd ed, 2012, page 398</ref> It believes the Buddha Amitabha has the power to take his devotees to his Pure Land.<ref>Mitchell, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, ist ed, 2002, page 206/2nd ed, 2008, page 226</ref> | ||
==Religious practices== | ==Religious practices== | ||
Line 46: | Line 42: | ||
Devotion is a major part of the lives of most Buddhists.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 170</ref> | Devotion is a major part of the lives of most Buddhists.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 170</ref> | ||
Virtually all forms of Buddhism regard meditation as the main way to enlightenment, but, for most of Buddhist history, it has been mainly monastic, and in a minority even in that context.<ref>Keown, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2013, page 96; for the second part, see also Lopez, ''Buddhist Scriptures'', Penguin Classics, 2004, page xxxii, and Routledge ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, pages 502f</ref> | |||
==Morality== | ==Morality== | ||
Buddhism has no tradition of moral theory (Routledge ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, pages 345f). | |||
The most basic code of Buddhist morality is the Five Precepts (Macmillan ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (Volume Two), page 673): to refrain from | The most basic code of Buddhist morality is the Five Precepts (Macmillan ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (Volume Two), page 673): to refrain from | ||
Line 64: | Line 62: | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
There is now a more or less established, <ref>Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv</ref> though not final,<ref>Routledge ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, page 107</ref> consensus among specialist historians that the Buddha died some time around 400 BC. Certain teachings are found with such frequency throughout the early texts that most historians conclude that he must have taught at least something of the sort.<ref>Mitchell, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2002, page 34</ref> | The founder of Buddhism is known as the Buddha,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 7</ref> a title meaning "awakened" or "enlightened".<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 1</ref> He was born in what is now Nepal,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 11</ref> and taught there and in nearby areas now in India. His family name was Gotama.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, 1st edition 1988/2nd edition 2006, page 1</ref> There is now a more or less established, <ref>Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv</ref> though not final,<ref>Routledge ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, page 107</ref> consensus among specialist historians that the Buddha died some time around 400 BC. Certain teachings are found with such frequency throughout the early texts that most historians conclude that he must have taught at least something of the sort.<ref>Mitchell, ''Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2002, page 34</ref> Over the first few centuries of its existence Buddhism evolved into a number of schools, of which Theravada is the only survivor.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 2</ref> Little or nothing is known of the origins of Mahayana.<ref>[http://www.iop.or.jp/0111/silk.pdf], page 91</ref> Buddhism eventually virtually died out in India.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 140</ref> | ||
Theravada Budhism was introduced into Ceylon around 250 BC and spread from there to Burma in the 11th century, and from there to what are now Thailand, Cambodia and Laos over the next two centuries or so.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, 1st edition 1988/2nd edition 2006, page 3</ref> | |||
Buddhism spread through Central Asia to China, where it is first recorded in AD 65.<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 196</ref> It spread from there to Korea in the late 4th century,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 202</ref> and was officially introduced from there to Japan in 538.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 161</ref> | |||
Buddhism was introduced to Tibet in the 7th or 8th century.<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 256</ref> The Mongols were converted to the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century.<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 266</ref> A migrating Mongol tribe settled Buddhism in Europe in the 17th century.<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 268</ref> | |||
Buddhism has made significant numbers of converts in the West in the last couple of centuries, almost entirely of a style that emphasizes modernist elements.<ref>Keown & Prebish, Routledge ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, page 286</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
==Suggested reading== | |||
*''The World of Buddhism: Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture'', edited by Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich; texts by [11 scholars]; with 297 illustrations, 82 in colour; 215 photographs, drawings and maps ... Thames and Hudson ... 1984 ... London: "by far the most scholarly and comprehensive survey of Buddhism for the general reader." (''Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion'', volume 2, page 382) | |||
*''The Path of the Buddha'', edited by Kenneth W. Morgan, Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprint Motilal, Delhi: the editor says (pages iiif} he "visited Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Burma, India, and Ceylon interviewing leading Buddhists in each community ... getting their recommendations for men qualified to write the different sections. On the basis of their recommendations, the authors of this book were selected and commissioned ..."; coincidentally, this book also has 11 contributors | |||
*See also [[Buddhist anthologies in English]] | |||
==External links== | |||
*[http://buddhanet.net/ Buddhanet] | |||
*[http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism directory] | |||
*[http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Buddhism.html Virtual Library] | |||
*[http://www.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/buddhism/index.htm account of Buddhism by Dr Paul Flesher of the University of Wyoming] | |||
[[nl:Boeddhisme]] | |||
[[Category:Spirituality]] |
Latest revision as of 10:31, 9 April 2019
Disclaimer
Buddhism is such a vast and varied field that professional scholars who have studied it admit that it is impossible,[1] or virtually so,[2] for a single scholar to keep track of the whole field. As a result, all accounts of Buddhism, including this one, are unreliable.
A further difficulty is that recent scholarship tends to avoid generalization,[3] so the general statements making up most of this article may be unrepresentative.
Yet a further problem is that scholars have mostly tended to study scriptures and other classical literature rather than real live Buddhism (Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, volume 30, page 282). (But Buddhist sources are even worse. Would you trust the Pope or Billy Graham for a reliable unbiased account of Christianity?)
Introduction
Most people,[4] including most Buddhists,[5] consider Buddhism to be a religion, and modern western textbooks on religions regularly include a chapter on it,[6] though most scholars agree that there is not a clear-cut distinction between religion and philosophy in Buddhism.[7] It is the oldest of the three religions that have transcended ethnicity and spread round the world on a large scale.[8] It is the official religion in Bhutan, Cambodia and Sri Lanka.[9] There are significantly large communities of Buddhists in 126 countries.[10] More than half the world population is located in areas where Buddhism has been dominant at some point in history.[11] Most scholars estimate the world Buddhist population as around 480,000,000 (Understanding the Religions of the World, ed Deming, Wiley Blackwell, 2015, page 63).
Scholars do not try to identify any essence or defining characterization of Buddhism,[12] though its different forms have family resemblances (Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2012, page 4).
Teachings
The received wisdom among American and European scholars, though contested, is that the central teachings of all or most traditions of Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths,[13] of
- suffering
- the cause of suffering,
- the cessation of suffering,
- the path leading to the cessation of suffering;[14]
there are a variety of interpretations.[15]
Institutions
Buddhism is dominated by the monastic Order,[16] though in Japan nearly all male clergy are married.[17] The Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese traditions preserve an order of nuns[18] subordinate to the monks.[19]
Schools
Buddhists identify themselves as either Theravada or Mahayana.[20] These are different vehicles for going along the same path.[21]
Most scholars agree with Theravada's claim to be extremely conservative.[22] It can be regarded as a single denomination.[23]
There is a growing consensus among scholars that Mahayana is not characterized by a collection of beliefs or practices.[24] It emphasizes adapting the teachings to suit different people, and is thus very diverse.[25] The most popular form of Buddhism is Pure Land.[26] It offers a way of salvation based on faith alone.[27] It believes the Buddha Amitabha has the power to take his devotees to his Pure Land.[28]
Religious practices
Nearly all Buddhists use ritual for spiritual ends.[29]
Devotion is a major part of the lives of most Buddhists.[30]
Virtually all forms of Buddhism regard meditation as the main way to enlightenment, but, for most of Buddhist history, it has been mainly monastic, and in a minority even in that context.[31]
Morality
Buddhism has no tradition of moral theory (Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, pages 345f).
The most basic code of Buddhist morality is the Five Precepts (Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Volume Two), page 673): to refrain from
- taking life
- stealing
- sexual misconduct
- lying
- intoxicants
Texts
Different branches of Buddhism use different collections, though with some overlap.[32]
History
The founder of Buddhism is known as the Buddha,[33] a title meaning "awakened" or "enlightened".[34] He was born in what is now Nepal,[35] and taught there and in nearby areas now in India. His family name was Gotama.[36] There is now a more or less established, [37] though not final,[38] consensus among specialist historians that the Buddha died some time around 400 BC. Certain teachings are found with such frequency throughout the early texts that most historians conclude that he must have taught at least something of the sort.[39] Over the first few centuries of its existence Buddhism evolved into a number of schools, of which Theravada is the only survivor.[40] Little or nothing is known of the origins of Mahayana.[41] Buddhism eventually virtually died out in India.[42]
Theravada Budhism was introduced into Ceylon around 250 BC and spread from there to Burma in the 11th century, and from there to what are now Thailand, Cambodia and Laos over the next two centuries or so.[43]
Buddhism spread through Central Asia to China, where it is first recorded in AD 65.[44] It spread from there to Korea in the late 4th century,[45] and was officially introduced from there to Japan in 538.[46]
Buddhism was introduced to Tibet in the 7th or 8th century.[47] The Mongols were converted to the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century.[48] A migrating Mongol tribe settled Buddhism in Europe in the 17th century.[49]
Buddhism has made significant numbers of converts in the West in the last couple of centuries, almost entirely of a style that emphasizes modernist elements.[50]
References
- ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, page ix
- ↑ Lopez, (Story of) Buddhism, Harper/Penguin, 2001, Acknowledgements
- ↑ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 30, page 289
- ↑ Numen, volume 49, page 388/Williams, Buddhism, Routledge, Volume III, 2005, page 403
- ↑ Chryssides & Greaves, Study of Religion, Continuum Press, 2007, page 13
- ↑ Buddhism Questioning Christianity, ed Anreas Bsteh, English translation St Gabriel Publishing, Moedling, Austria, 2010, page 198
- ↑ Schroeder, Skillful Means, University of Hawai'i Press, 2001, page 5
- ↑ Bechert and Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 7; Sopher, Geography of Religion, Prentice-Hall, 1967, page 7; the other two are Christianity and Islam; others have done so on a much smaller scale
- ↑ Fox, World Survey of Religion and the State, Cambridge University Press, 2008, Table 7.1 [page 182]
- ↑ World Christian Encyclopedia, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, 2001, volume 1, page 3
- ↑ Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions, 2010, page 371
- ↑ Lopez, The Scientific Buddha, Yale University Press, 2012, page 15
- ↑ History of Religions, volume 42, page 389
- ↑ Jerryson & Juergensmeyer, Buddhist Warfare, Oxford University Press, 2010, page 15, note 5; Keown, Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 1996, chapter 4; Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions, page 78
- ↑ Jerryson & Juergensmeyer, Buddhist Warfare, Oxford University Press, 2010, page 5
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 9
- ↑ History of Religions, volume 43, page 167
- ↑ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 (Volume Two), pages 607f
- ↑ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 (Volume One), page 353
- ↑ Keown, Buddhism, Oxford University Press: 1st edition, 1996, page 11; 2nd edition, 2013, page 13
- ↑ Oxtoby & Amore, World Religions: Eastern Tradtions, Oxford University Press, 2010, page 205/4th edition, page 218/Oxtoby & Segal, Concise Introduction to the World Religions, Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2007, page 398/2nd ed, 2012, page 394
- ↑ Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge: 1st ed, 1988, page 21/2nd ed, 2006, page 22
- ↑ Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge, 1st ed, 1988/2nd ed, 2006, page 3
- ↑ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, volume 30, page 219
- ↑ Williams, Mahayana Buddhism, 2nd ed, 2006, Routledge, pages 1f
- ↑ Flesher, Exploring Religions, University of Wyoming
- ↑ Oxtoby & Amore, World Religions: Eastern Traditions, Oxford University Press, 2010, page 211/4th edition, page 224/Oxtoby & Segal, Concise Introduction to World Religions, 2nd ed, 2012, page 398
- ↑ Mitchell, Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ist ed, 2002, page 206/2nd ed, 2008, page 226
- ↑ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 (Volume One), page 139
- ↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 170
- ↑ Keown, Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2013, page 96; for the second part, see also Lopez, Buddhist Scriptures, Penguin Classics, 2004, page xxxii, and Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, pages 502f
- ↑ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 (Volume Two), page 756
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 7
- ↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 1
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 11
- ↑ Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge, 1st edition 1988/2nd edition 2006, page 1
- ↑ Gethin, Sayings of the Buddha, Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv
- ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, page 107
- ↑ Mitchell, Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2002, page 34
- ↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 2
- ↑ [1], page 91
- ↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 140
- ↑ Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge, 1st edition 1988/2nd edition 2006, page 3
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 196
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 202
- ↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 161
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 256
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 266
- ↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, 1984, page 268
- ↑ Keown & Prebish, Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, page 286
Suggested reading
- The World of Buddhism: Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture, edited by Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich; texts by [11 scholars]; with 297 illustrations, 82 in colour; 215 photographs, drawings and maps ... Thames and Hudson ... 1984 ... London: "by far the most scholarly and comprehensive survey of Buddhism for the general reader." (Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion, volume 2, page 382)
- The Path of the Buddha, edited by Kenneth W. Morgan, Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprint Motilal, Delhi: the editor says (pages iiif} he "visited Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Burma, India, and Ceylon interviewing leading Buddhists in each community ... getting their recommendations for men qualified to write the different sections. On the basis of their recommendations, the authors of this book were selected and commissioned ..."; coincidentally, this book also has 11 contributors
- See also Buddhist anthologies in English