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|Mammalia
|Mammalia
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|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff;"
|align="left" style="background:pink"|'''Ordnung'''  |||[[meat eaters]]
|align="left" style="background:pink"|'''Ordnung'''&nbsp; |||[[meat eaters]]<ref>exactly carnivorans</ref>
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== See also ==
== See also ==
[[wikt:tiger]]
[[wikt:tiger]]
[[Shu-Jin_Luo|Luo]] describes the subspecies P t jacksonii, today considered nomen nudum
<ref>Luo, S.-J et al.[https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 PlosONE]</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Refs}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 00:44, 29 August 2023

Harimau malaya

Panthera tigris L.
Klassische Systematik
Reich  animals Animalia
Stamm  chordates Chordaata
Klasse  mammals Mammalia
Ordnung  meat eaters[1] Carnivora
Familie  cats Fellidae
Gattung  panther Panthera
Art  Malayan tiger P.tigris
Autor(en)  L.
Jahr  1758
Phylogenetische Systematik
Ordnung  ... ...
Familie  ... ...

The Malayan tiger is a tiger from a specific population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies that is native to Peninsular Malaysia.[2] This population inhabits the southern and central parts of the Malay Peninsula and has been classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2015. Template:As of, the population was estimated at 80 to 120 mature individuals with a continuous declining trend.[3]

In the Malay language, the tiger is called harimau, also abbreviated to rimau.[4] It is also known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to distinguish it from tiger populations in northern parts of Indochina, which are genetically different to this population.[5]

Taxonomy

Felis tigris was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the tiger.[6] Panthera tigris corbetti was proposed by Vratislav Mazák in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.[7][8] Panthera tigris jacksoni was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in mtDNA and micro-satellite sequences to P. t. corbetti.[5] Since revision of felid taxonomy in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a P. t. tigris population.[2] However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six monophyletic clades based on whole-genome sequencing analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.[9]

Naming

When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria argued that the new subspecies should be named Panthera tigris malayensis to reflect the geographical region of its range.[10] As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name jacksoni, which honours the tiger conservationist Peter Jackson.[11][12] Nevertheless, P. t. malayensis was used by other authors.[13][14]

Characteristics

File:Malay tiger.jpg
Close up of a tiger's head

There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the Indochinese tigers, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No type specimen was designated.[15] Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than Bengal tigers. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is Template:Convert, and of a female Template:Convert.[16] Body length of 16 female tigers in the State of Terengganu ranged from Template:Convert and averaged Template:Convert. Their height ranged from Template:Convert, and their body weight from Template:Convert. Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from Template:Convert, with an average of Template:Convert. Their height ranged from Template:Convert, and their body weight from Template:Convert.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern Thailand.[3]

Tigers abounded on Singapore Island in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the Strait of Johor. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. Tiger hunting became a sport in those years.[17] The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger bounties, and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.[18] Tigers were extirpated on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.[8]

In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, and Johor, and many riparian habitats outside forests in Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the South China Sea had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the Strait of Malacca in the west did not.[19] The total potential tiger habitat was Template:Cvt, which comprised Template:Cvt of confirmed tiger habitat, Template:Cvt of expected tiger habitat and Template:Cvt of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than Template:Cvt in size had tigers.[19]

In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.[20] As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.[21][22][23]

Ecology and behaviour

Malayan tigers prey on sambar deer, barking deer, wild boar, Bornean bearded pigs and serow. Malayan tigers also prey on sun bears,[24] young elephants and rhinoceros calves. Whether their principal prey includes adult gaur and tapir is unknown. Occasionally, livestock is also taken; however, tiger predation reduces the numbers of wild boar which can become a serious pest in plantations and other croplands. Studies indicate that in areas where large predators (tigers and leopards) are extinct, wild pigs are over 10 times more numerous than in areas where tigers and leopards are still present.[25][26][27]

Tigers occur at very low densities of 1.1–1.98 tigers per Template:Cvt in the rainforest as a result of low prey densities, thus to maintain viable tiger populations of minimum of 6 breeding females, reserves need to be larger than Template:Cvt. Information on dietary preference, morphological measurements, demographic parameters, social structure, communication, home range sizes, dispersal capabilities are all lacking.Template:Citation needed

Threats

Habitat fragmentation because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.[19] Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about Template:Convert natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly Template:Convert was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for palm oil production. An area of around Template:Convert constituted prime tiger habitat.[28]

Commercial poaching occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.[29] Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.[30] The demand for tiger body parts used in Chinese traditional medicine apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 snares from protected areas.[21][22][23]

Conservation

File:MalayanTiger.jpg
A tiger at the National Zoo of Malaysia

Tigers are included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.[29] The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers (MYCAT) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Traffic Southeast Asia, Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme and WWF-Malaysia."[31] It also includes the Department of Wildlife and National Parks.[32] In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.[33] In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.[34] MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.[35]

In November 2021, the Cabinet of Malaysia announced the initiation of nine conservation strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of patrols, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural habitat; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia’s Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the Royal Malaysia Police and the National Wildlife Forensics Laboratory were emboldened for its ex situ conservation, and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat accreditation schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with zoos and universities in other countries to further research into inbreeding, and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The moratorium ban on deer hunting was extended further.[36]

In captivity

File:ZOO Ústí n L - výběhy šelem 07.jpg
Tiger in the Ústí nad Labem Zoo, Ústí nad Labem in Czech Republic

The Cincinnati Zoo was the first zoo in North America to begin a captive breeding program for Malayan tigers with the importation of a male and three females from Asia between 1990 and 1992. There are also a few Malayan tigers in Johor Zoo, Zoo Negara in Kuala Lumpur, and Taiping Zoo. As of 2011 there were 54 of this subspecies in North American zoos, located in 25 institutions and are descended from only 11 founders. Therefore, the plan of retaining a target of 90% genetic diversity over the next century is not possible unless other founders are added.Template:Citation needed

On December 29, 2021, Eko, a young critically-endangered Malayan tiger in the Naples Zoo, which can live up to 20 years in their native habitat, and which was transferred in December, 2019, from the Seattle Zoo, was shot to death by a policeman after dragging a third-party-vendor cleaning man in his 20s, authorized only to clean rest rooms and gift shops, who had improperly entered the tiger’s enclosure to either feed or pet the tiger.[37][38] The Naples Zoo is supposedly a captive breeding location but since Eko's fatal transfer not a single incident of visitation, in vitro, or introduction of a mate has occurred. The unauthorized incursion during the night was a featured piece on national network news on December 30, 2021, from, for example, 5:41 to 5:43 pm on network ABC News.

Cultural references

The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.[39] In Emilio Salgari's cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate Sandokan, the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".[40]

Two tigers are depicted as supporters in the coat of arms of Malaysia and the coat of arms of Johor. The coat of arms of Singapore features both a lion, being the namesake of the city-state, and a Malayan tiger, as a symbol of its cultural and historical ties to the Malay Peninsula. The tiger appears in various heraldry of Malaysian public institutions such as the Royal Malaysia Police and Football Association of Malaysia. The tiger symbolises bravery and strength among Malaysians. It is also the nickname for the Malaysia national football team. The tiger has been given various nicknames by Malaysians, notably "Pak Belang," which literally means "Uncle Stripes." Pak Belang features prominently in folklore as one of the adversaries of Sang Kancil (the mouse deer).Template:Cn Within the private sector of the region, the tiger is also depicted within the iconic emblems of Maybank, Proton and Tiger Beer.Template:Cn

See also

wikt:tiger

Luo describes the subspecies P t jacksonii, today considered nomen nudum [41]

References

References

References:
  1. ↑ exactly carnivorans
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V. et al. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". Cat News Special Issue 11: 66–68. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite iucn
  4. ↑ Wilkinson, R. J. (1901). A Malay-English dictionary. Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh Limited. https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O. et al. (2004). "Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLOS Biology 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMID 15583716. PMC 534810. http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020442. 
  6. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis tigris". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up. 
  7. ↑ Mazák, V. (1968). "Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est". Mammalia 32 (1): 104−112. doi:10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Khan, M.K.M. (1986). "Tigers in Malaysia". The Journal of Wildlife and Parks V: 1–23. 
  9. ↑ Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D. et al. (2018). "Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers". Current Biology 28 (23): 3840–3849. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019. PMID 30482605. 
  10. ↑ Peng, L. Y. (2004). "Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies". The Star Online (Malacca). https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99. 
  11. ↑ O’Brien, S. J.; Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E. (2005). Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger Panthera tigris. 42. Cat News. pp. 6−8. 
  12. ↑ McMullin, A. (2005). "IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes". International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland. http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes. 
  13. ↑ Schirmer, E. M. (2012). "4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore". When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 978-9-8144-0884-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=lfuIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50. 
  14. ↑ Jaafar, H. Z. E.; Ashraf, M. A. (2017). "1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna". in Ashraf, M. A.; Othman, R.; Ishak, C. F.. Soils of Malaysia. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-3519-9857-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258. 
  15. ↑ Mazák, J. H.; Groves, C. P. (2006). "A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris)". Mammalian Biology 71 (5): 268–287. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007. http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Locke, A. (1956). The tigers of Terengganu. London: Museum Press Ltd.. 
  17. ↑ Owen, G. P. (1921). "A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore". One hundred years of Singapore. II. London: John Murray. pp. 368–374. ISBN 9789354033353. https://ia902803.us.archive.org/12/items/onehundredyearso02braduoft/onehundredyearso02braduoft.pdf#page=466. 
  18. ↑ Buckley, C. (1902). "Section 2". An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867. II. Singapore: Fraser & Neave. pp. 407–622. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Kawanishi, K.; Yatim, S. H.; Abu Hashim, A. K.; Topani, R. (2003). "Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) 21: 29–50. http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055. 
  20. ↑ Hance, J. (2014). "Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals". Mongabay. http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0916-hance-malayan-tiger-drop.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction". Bernama (Kuala Lumpur: Free Malaysia Today). 2019. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Yahaya, A. M. (2019-07-30). "Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction". The Star Online (Kuala Lumpur). https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Arif, Z. M. (2019-08-03). "Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve". New Straits Times (Gerik). https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest. 
  24. ↑ Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E. (2004). "Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia". Biological Conservation 120 (3): 329–344. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005. 
  25. ↑ Yong, D. L.; Lee, P. Y.-H.; Ang, A.; Tan, K. H. (2010). "The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig Sus scrofa (Mammalia: Suidae)". Nature in Singapore 3: 227–237. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis227-237.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Ickes, K.; Paciorek, C. J.; Thomas. S. C. (2005). "Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (Sus scrofa) on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings". Ecology 86 (6): 1540–1547. doi:10.1890/04-0867. http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-03. 
  27. ↑ Ickes, K. (2001). "Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia". Biotropica 33 (4): 682–690. doi:10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0682:haonwp]2.0.co;2. 
  28. ↑ Shevade, V.S.; Potapov, P.V.; Harris, N.L.; Loboda, T.V. (2017). "Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat". Remote Sensing 9 (7): 747. doi:10.3390/rs9070747. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Nowell, K. (2007). Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations. Cambridge, UK: Traffic International. http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Shepherd, C. R. S.; Khan, S.; Krishnasamy, K. (2013). "Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia". Cat News (59): 11. 
  31. ↑ Shahar, F. M. (2013). "Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run". New Straits Times. http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128. 
  32. ↑ Sundararaj, A. (2013). "Tigers, our heritage". New Straits Times. http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035. 
  33. ↑ "Tiger hotline gets good response from public". The Star. 2007. http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation. 
  34. ↑ Heing, N. (2013). "Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&. 
  35. ↑ Lee, P. (2014). "Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/. 
  36. ↑ "Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told" (in en-MY). 2021. https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788. 
  37. ↑ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tiger-shot-dead-after-grabbing-man-s-arm-dragging-it-zoo-says/ar-AASgMQY?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531
  38. ↑ https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/animals/tiger-shot-and-killed-at-florida-zoo-after-attacking-man-who-stuck-arm-through-enclosure/vi-AAShU3F?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531
  39. ↑ DiPiazza, F. (2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-2674-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14. 
  40. ↑ Adami, S. (2006). "Emilio Salgari (1862–1911)". in Marrone, G.. Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 1654–1655. ISBN 9781135455309. https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654. 
  41. ↑ Luo, S.-J et al.PlosONE

External links

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