Pali Canon: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:42, 17 October 2024

The Pali Canon is the scripture collection of Theravada Buddhism.^[1] "Pali Canon" is the usual English name;^[2] it is also known by the name "Tipiṭaka".^[3] It is in Pali,^[4] which is a language of ancient India.^[5] Mahayana Buddhism tends to regard the Tipiṭaka as a sort of "Old Testament"^[6]. Most scholars recognize the Canon as the oldest source for the Buddha's teachings.^[7]

Background

The Canon is traditionally regarded by the Theravada as the Word of the Buddha (died around 400 BC^[8]), though not always literally.^[9] It is said in the Canon itself that whatever is well said is the Word of the Buddha.^[10] Modern scholars tend to regard at least large amounts of the Canon (with disagreements on how much) as the work of a number of unknown authors ([7]).

According to a tradition generally regarded quite favourably by scholars, the Canon was written down from oral tradition in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the last century BC,^[11] though hardly any manuscripts survive form before the 16th century.^[12]

Collected printed editions of the Canon have been appearing since about 1893,^[13] and digitized versions since 1988.^[14] It is now even available on an app.

The vast majority of commentarial literature is connected with just four names: Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, Sariputta and Nanakitti.^[15]

Vinaya Pitaka (Book of the discipline)
Sutta or Suttanta Pitaka
- Digha Nikaya (Dialogues of the Buddha)
- Majjhima Nikaya (Middle length discourses of the Buddha)
- Samyutta Nikaya (Connected discourses of the Buddha)
- Anguttara Nikaya (Numerical discourses of the Buddha)
- Khuddaka Nikaya: the contents of this section vary between editions, with some including all the following but others omitting one or more ([8]). Opinions on canonicity seem to vary even within the same country: for example, one Burmese teacher^[16] says the 6th Council included the Netti in the Pali Canon, while another^[17] describes it as post-canonical.
  - Khuddakapatha (Minor readings)
  - Dhammapada (Word of the doctrine)
  - Udana (Verses of uplift)
  - Itivuttaka (As it was said)
  - Suttanipata (Group of discourses)
  - Vimanavatthu (Stories of the mansions)
  - Petavatthu (Stories of the departed)
  - Theragatha (Poems of early Buddhist monks)
  - Therigatha (Poems of early Buddhist nuns)
  - Apadana (Legends^[18])
  - Buddhavamsa (Chronicle of Buddhas)
  - Cariyapitaka (Basket of conduct)
  - Jataka (Stories of the Buddha's former births)
  - Niddesa (Exposition^[19])
    - Maha Niddesa
    - Culla or Cula Niddesa
  - Patisambhidamagga (Path of discrimination)
  - Netti (The guide)
  - Petakopadesa (Piṭaka-disclosure)
  - Milindapanha (Milinda's questions)
Abhidhamma Pitaka
- Dhammasangani (A Buddhist manual of psychological ethics)
- Vibhanga (Book of analysis)
- Dhatukatha (Discourse on elements)
- Puggalapannatti (Designation of human types)
- Kathavatthu (Points of controversy)
- Yamaka (Book of pairs)
- Patthana (Conditional relations)

Where next?

The Lion's Roar: an Anthology of the Buddha's Teachings Selected from the Pāḷi Canon, David Maurice, Rider, London, 1962; American edition, Citadel, New York, 1967: online at [9], [10]; this seems to be the only anthology including selections from all three pitakas; it also represents all five nikayas, but not all the individual books listed above; this book can give some idea of what the Canon is like
Parallel volume-by-volume table of contents of a number of editions; see [11] for the code letters used there.
Detailed outlines (from shortest to longest)
- An Analysis of the Pāli Canon, edited by Russell Webb, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd edition, 2008; online at [12]; includes extensive bibliography
- An Outline Of the Pāḷi Canon, compiled from various sources by Allan R. Bomhard, Charleston Buddhist Fellowship, Charleston, SC USA, 2013 (2557), updated version 2022; online at [13]
- Guide to Tipiṭaka, compiled by U Ko Lay, Burma Piṭaka Association, Rangoon, 1986; reprinted in India, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand; now online at numerous websites, e.g. [14], [15], [16]
- A History of Pali Literature by Bimala Churn Law, originally published in 2 volumes in 1933 (Volume I on the Canon), reprinted in 1 volume, online at [17]
The Pali Text Society publishes Pali texts, translations, an Introduction to Pali, a Pali-English Dictionary, etc.; many of these, and other, books are available online, and can be found through search engines
Complete text (in Pali)
- Latin script
  - Chaṭṭhasaṅgītipiṭakaṁ, 40 volumes, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Yangon, 2008; also commentaries and subcommentaries (commentaries on commentaries)
  - Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project; also includes many other Pali texts
  - SuttaCentral; see [18], [19] for background on this; also includes early Buddhist literature in other languages, and many translations into English and other languages
  - Vipassana Research Institute, Igatpuri, India; also includes commentaries, subcommentaries and other Pali texts; various formats, including app
- scripts used in Theravada countries
  - Anandajoti: more than one edition
  - Braḥ Traipiṭakapāḷi, 110 volumes, Phnom Penh, 1931-1969; includes Khmer translations on right-hand pages
  - Buddha Jayanti Tripitaka, 52 volumes [in 58], published under the patronage of the government of Ceylon / Sri Lanka, 1957-1989; includes Sinhalese translations on right-hand pages
  - Kabaaye Buddha Research Library (click on Eng to get the page in English instead of Burmese); also includes many other books in Pali, Burmese, and English
- watch this space:
  - BUDSIR (BUDdhist Studies Information Retrieval) has carried an under construction notice for years; supposed to have a Thai edition
  - King Chulalongkorn Edition 1893 links to scans of most volumes of a Siamese edition of the Canon; maybe the others will be added sometime
  - Kuthodaw Pagoda Project

Notes

↑ Gethin, Sayings of the Buddha, Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xiii
↑ Gombrich, foreword to Pali Text Society edition of Geiger, Pali Grammar; there are typographical variants: Pali/Pāli/Pāḷi Canon/canon
↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2012, page 459
↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page 3
↑ Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page xx
↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002 printing, volume 11, page 791 (article Tipitaka)
↑ Mousa, World Religions Demystified, McGraw-Hill, 2014, page 35; Schopen, Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1997, pages 23f / reprinted from Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, volume 10 (1985), page 9 / also quoted in "The historical authenticity of early Buddhist literature: a critical evaluation", Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol XLIX (2005)/[1], page 37
↑ consensus of scholars: Gethin, Sayings of the Buddha, Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv
↑ Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge, London, 1st edn, 1988 / 2nd edn, 2006, page 20
↑ [2]; [3] / The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha, Wisdom Publications / Pali Text Society, page 1120; Gradual Sayings, Pali Text Society, volume IV, page 112
↑ Gethin, Buddhist Path to Awakening, Brill, Leiden / New York / Köln, 1992, page 8
↑ Oberlies, Pali Grammar, volume I, Pali Text Society, 2019, page 7
↑ Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, London, 1984, page 78; see also Wiles et al in Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XXXIV, [4]
↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, page 288
↑ Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XXVI, page 134
↑ Sayadaw Nandamāla, Introduction to Nettipakaraṇa, page 5
↑ Rewata Dhamma, The Buddha and His Disciples, Dhamma Talaka Pubns, Birmingham, 2001, page 91
↑ "Illustrator of ultimate meaning" (in 1 volume with "Minor readings"), page 2; a translation of this book is available at [5]
↑ Bodhi, Suttanipata translation, Pali Text Society, 2017, page 18; a translation of this book is available at [6]

[1] Gethin, Sayings of the Buddha, Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xiii

[2] Gombrich, foreword to Pali Text Society edition of Geiger, Pali Grammar; there are typographical variants: Pali/Pāli/Pāḷi Canon/canon

[3] Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2012, page 459

[4] Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page 3

[5] Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page xx

[6] Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002 printing, volume 11, page 791 (article Tipitaka)

[7] Mousa, World Religions Demystified, McGraw-Hill, 2014, page 35; Schopen, Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1997, pages 23f / reprinted from Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, volume 10 (1985), page 9 / also quoted in "The historical authenticity of early Buddhist literature: a critical evaluation", Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol XLIX (2005)/[1], page 37

[8] sensus of scholars: Gethin, Sayings of the Buddha, Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv

[9] Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, Routledge, London, 1st edn, 1988 / 2nd edn, 2006, page 20

[10] [2]; [3] / The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha, Wisdom Publications / Pali Text Society, page 1120; Gradual Sayings, Pali Text Society, volume IV, page 112

[11] Gethin, Buddhist Path to Awakening, Brill, Leiden / New York / Köln, 1992, page 8

[12] Oberlies, Pali Grammar, volume I, Pali Text Society, 2019, page 7

[13] Bechert & Gombrich, World of Buddhism, Thames & Hudson, London, 1984, page 78; see also Wiles et al in Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XXXIV, [4]

[14] Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2007, page 288

[15] Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XXVI, page 134

[16] Sayadaw Nandamāla, Introduction to Nettipakaraṇa, page 5

[17] Rewata Dhamma, The Buddha and His Disciples, Dhamma Talaka Pubns, Birmingham, 2001, page 91

[18] "Illustrator of ultimate meaning" (in 1 volume with "Minor readings"), page 2; a translation of this book is available at [5]

[19] Bodhi, Suttanipata translation, Pali Text Society, 2017, page 18; a translation of this book is available at [6]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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[12]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Pali Canon''' is the scripture collection of Theravada Buddhism.<ref>Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xiii</ref> "Pali Canon" is the usual English name;<ref>Gombrich, foreword to Pali Text Society edition of Geiger, ''Pali Grammar''; there are typographical variants: Pali/Pāli/Pāḷi Canon/canon</ref> it is also known by the name "Tipiṭaka".<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2012, page 459</ref> It is in Pali,<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page 3</ref> which is a language of ancient India.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page xx</ref> Mahayana Buddhism tends to regards the Tipiṭaka as a sort of "[[Old Testament]]"<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 2002 printing, volume 11, page 791 (article Tipitaka)</ref>. Most scholars recognize the Canon as the oldest source for the Buddha's teachings.<ref>Mousa, ''World Religions Demystified'', McGraw-Hill, 2014, page 35; Schopen, ''Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks'', University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1997, pages 23f / reprinted from ''Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik'', volume 10 (1985), page 9 / also quoted in "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature: A Critical Evaluation", ''Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies'', Vol XLIX (2005)/[http://www.ocbs.org/images/stories/awynne2005wzks.pdf], page 37</ref>
+The '''Pali Canon''' is the scripture collection of Theravada Buddhism.<ref>Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xiii</ref> "Pali Canon" is the usual English name;<ref>Gombrich, foreword to Pali Text Society edition of Geiger, ''Pali Grammar''; there are typographical variants: Pali/Pāli/Pāḷi Canon/canon</ref> it is also known by the name "Tipiṭaka".<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2012, page 459</ref> It is in Pali,<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page 3</ref> which is a language of ancient India.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1st ed, 1990, page xx</ref> Mahayana Buddhism tends to regard the Tipiṭaka as a sort of "[[Old Testament]]"<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 2002 printing, volume 11, page 791 (article Tipitaka)</ref>. Most scholars recognize the Canon as the oldest source for the Buddha's teachings.<ref>Mousa, ''World Religions Demystified'', McGraw-Hill, 2014, page 35; Schopen, ''Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks'', University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1997, pages 23f / reprinted from ''Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik'', volume 10 (1985), page 9 / also quoted in "The historical authenticity of early Buddhist literature: a critical evaluation", ''Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies'', Vol XLIX (2005)/[https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/awynne2005wzks.pdf], page 37</ref>
 ==Background==
-The Canon is traditionally regarded by the [[Theravada]] as the Word of the Buddha (died around 400 BC<ref>consensus of scholars: Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv</ref>), though not always literally.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, London, 1st edn, 1988 / 2nd edn, 2006, page 20</ref>  It is said in the Canon itself that whatever is well said is the Word of the Buddha.<ref>''The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha'', Wisdom Publications / Pali Text Society, page 1120; ''Gradual Sayings'', Pali Text Society, volume IV, page 112</ref> Modern scholars tend to regard at least large amounts of the Canon (with disagreements on how much) as the work of a number of unknown authors ([http://www.academia.edu/15576817/Understanding_Early_Buddhist_Terminology_in_Its_Context]).
+The Canon is traditionally regarded by the [[Theravada]] as the Word of the Buddha (died around 400 BC<ref>consensus of scholars: Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford World Classics, 2008, page xv</ref>), though not always literally.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism'', Routledge, London, 1st edn, 1988 / 2nd edn, 2006, page 20</ref>  It is said in the Canon itself that whatever is well said is the Word of the Buddha.<ref>[https://suttacentral.net/an8.8/en/sujato?lang=en&layout=plain&reference=none&notes=asterisk&highlight=false&script=latin]; [https://suttacentral.net/an8.8/en/bodhi?lang=en&reference=none&highlight=false] / ''The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha'', Wisdom Publications / Pali Text Society, page 1120; ''Gradual Sayings'', Pali Text Society, volume IV, page 112</ref> Modern scholars tend to regard at least large amounts of the Canon (with disagreements on how much) as the work of a number of unknown authors ([http://www.academia.edu/15576817/Understanding_Early_Buddhist_Terminology_in_Its_Context]).
-According to a tradition generally regarded quite favourably by scholars, the Canon was written down from oral tradition in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the last century BC.<ref>Gethin, ''Buddhist Path to Awakening'', Brill, Leiden / New York / Köln, 1992, page 8</ref> The oldest known manuscript fragment of the Canon dates from the 8th or 9th century, but in general manuscripts have not survived from before the 15th century, and the majority are probably no older than the 18th.<ref>Gethin, ''Sayings of the Buddha'', Oxford University Press, pages xxiif</ref>
+According to a tradition generally regarded quite favourably by scholars, the Canon was written down from oral tradition in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the last century BC,<ref>Gethin, ''Buddhist Path to Awakening'', Brill, Leiden / New York / Köln, 1992, page 8</ref> though hardly any manuscripts survive form before the 16th century.<ref>Oberlies, ''Pali Grammar'', volume I, Pali Text Society, 2019, page 7</ref>
-The Canon has now been printed and posted on the internet: see links below.
+Collected printed editions of the Canon have been appearing since about 1893,<ref>Bechert & Gombrich, ''World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson, London, 1984, page 78; see also Wiles et al in ''Journal of the Pali Text Society'', volume XXXIV, [https://palitextsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JPTS_2021_34.pdf]</ref> and digitized versions since 1988.<ref>''Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2007, page 288</ref> It is now even available on an app.
-The vast majority of commentarial literature is connected with just four names: Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, Sariputta and Nanakitti.<ref>[http://www.palitext.com/JPTS_scans/JPTS_2000_XXVI.pdf ''Journal of the Pali Text Society'', volume XXVI], page 134</ref>
+The vast majority of commentarial literature is connected with just four names: Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, Sariputta and Nanakitti.<ref>[https://palitextsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JPTS_2000_XXVI.pdf ''Journal of the Pali Text Society'', volume XXVI], page 134</ref>
 ==Table of contents==
-English titles are taken from the Pali Text Society: titles of translations published by them, except for 3 books they haven't yet translated.
+English titles are taken from the Pali Text Society: titles of translations published by them, except for 2 books they haven't yet translated (at least 1 volume of).
 *Vinaya Pitaka (Book of the discipline)
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 **Samyutta Nikaya (Connected discourses of the Buddha)
 **Anguttara Nikaya (Numerical discourses of the Buddha)
-**Khuddaka Nikaya: the contents of this section vary between editions, with some including all the following but others omitting one or more([https://sites.google.com/a/worldtipitaka.info/society/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/comparative-tipitaka-volumes])
+**Khuddaka Nikaya: the contents of this section vary between editions, with some including all the following but others omitting one or more ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120820132850/http://society.worldtipitaka.info/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/comparative-tipitaka-volumes]). Opinions on canonicity seem to vary even within the same country: for example, one Burmese teacher<ref>Sayadaw Nandamāla, [https://nandamala.org/netti/#more-51824 ''Introduction to Nettipakaraṇa''], page 5</ref> says the 6th Council included the Netti in the Pali Canon, while another<ref>Rewata Dhamma, ''The Buddha and His Disciples'', Dhamma Talaka Pubns, Birmingham, 2001, page 91</ref> describes it as post-canonical.
 ***Khuddakapatha (Minor readings)
 ***Dhammapada (Word of the doctrine)
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ***Theragatha (Poems of early Buddhist monks)
 ***Therigatha (Poems of early Buddhist nuns)
+***Apadana (Legends<ref>"Illustrator of ultimate meaning" (in 1 volume with "Minor readings"), page 2; a translation of this book is available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20231004204901/http://apadanatranslation.org/]</ref>)
+***Buddhavamsa (Chronicle of Buddhas)
+***Cariyapitaka (Basket of conduct)
 ***Jataka (Stories of the Buddha's former births)
-***Niddesa (Book of demonstration<ref>"Illustrator of ultimate meaning" (in 1 volume with "Minor readings"), page 2</ref>)
+***Niddesa (Exposition<ref>Bodhi, Suttanipata translation, Pali Text Society, 2017, page 18; a translation of this book is available at [https://zacanger.com/niddesa/assets/niddesa.pdf]</ref>)
 ****Maha Niddesa
 ****Culla or Cula Niddesa
 ***Patisambhidamagga (Path of discrimination)
-***Apadana (Legends<ref>"Illustrator of ultimate meaning" (in 1 volume with "Minor readings"), page 2</ref>)
-***Buddhavamsa (Chronicle of Buddhas)
-***Cariyapitaka (Basket of conduct)
 ***Netti (The guide)
 ***Petakopadesa (Piṭaka-disclosure)
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 **Puggalapannatti (Designation of human types)
 **Kathavatthu (Points of controversy)
-**Yamaka (Book of pairs<ref>''Abhidhammatthasa&#7749;gaha & Abhidhammatthavibhāvinī-ṭīkā'', page xiii</ref>)
+**Yamaka (Book of pairs)
 **Patthana (Conditional relations)
 ==Where next?==
-===External links===
+* ''The Lion's Roar: an Anthology of the Buddha's Teachings Selected from the Pāḷi Canon'', David Maurice, Rider, London, 1962; American edition, Citadel, New York, 1967: online at [http://www.kbrl.gov.mm/book/download/002593], [https://www.bps.lk/olib/mi/mi023_Maurice_The-Lions-Roar.epub.pdf]; this seems to be the only anthology including selections from all three pitakas; it also represents all five nikayas, but not all the individual books listed above; this book can give some idea of what the Canon is like
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120820132850/http://society.worldtipitaka.info/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/comparative-tipitaka-volumes Parallel volume-by-volume table of contents of a number of editions]; see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722154929/http://society.worldtipitaka.info/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/reference-to-pali-tipitaka-editions-in-various-scripts] for the code letters used there.
 * Detailed outlines (from shortest to longest)
-** ''An Analysis of the Pāli Canon'', edited by Russell Webb, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd edition, 2008; [http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh217-u.html]; includes extensive bibliography
+** ''An Analysis of the Pāli Canon'', edited by Russell Webb, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd edition, 2008; online at [https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp607s]; includes extensive bibliography
-** ''Guide to Tipiṭaka'', compiled by U Ko Lay, Burma Piṭaka Association, Rangoon, 1986; reprinted in India, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand; now online at numerous websites, e.g. [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/tipitaka.pdf], [http://www.archive.org/details/guidetotipitaka029042mbp], [http://www.archive.org/stream/guidetotipitaka029042mbp#page/n1/mode/2up], [http://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/guide-to-tipitaka/d/doc3409.html]
+** ''An Outline Of the Pāḷi Canon'', compiled from various sources by Allan R. Bomhard, Charleston Buddhist Fellowship, Charleston, SC USA, 2013 (2557), updated version 2022; online at [https://www.academia.edu/38036561/Bomhard_An_Outline_Of_the_P%C4%81li_Canon_revised_August_2022_?email_work_card=title]
-** ''A History of Pāli Literature'', by Bimala Churn Law, volume I, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1933: [http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/reader.pl?call=35453]
+** ''Guide to Tipiṭaka'', compiled by U Ko Lay, Burma Piṭaka Association, Rangoon, 1986; reprinted in India, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand; now online at numerous websites, e.g. [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/tipitaka.pdf], [http://www.archive.org/details/guidetotipitaka029042mbp], [http://www.archive.org/stream/guidetotipitaka029042mbp#page/n1/mode/2up]
-* Anthologies in English
+** ''A History of Pali Literature'' by Bimala Churn Law, originally published in 2 volumes in 1933 (Volume I on the Canon), reprinted in 1 volume, online at [http://www.academia.edu/4088767/A_History_of_Pali_Literature_by_Bimala_Churn_Law]
-** Selections from all three pitakas
+* [https://palitextsociety.org The Pali Text Society] publishes [https://palitextsociety.org/product-category/original-texts-in-pali/ Pali texts], [https://palitextsociety.org/product-category/translations/ translations], an [https://palitextsociety.org/product/introduction-to-pali/ ''Introduction to Pali''], a [https://palitextsociety.org/product/pali-english-dictionary/ ''Pali-English Dictionary''], etc.; many of these, and other, books are available online, and can be found through search engines
-***''The Lion's Roar: an Anthology of the Buddha's Teachings Selected from the Pāḷi Canon'', David Maurice, Rider, London, 1962; American printing Citadel, New York, 1967: [http://www.kbrl.gov.mm/book/download/002593]
-** Selections from the first two pitakas
-***''Some Sayings of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon'', translated by F.L. Woodward, Oxford World Classics, 1924; reprinted Buddhist Society, London, 1974: [http://www.kbrl.gov.mm/book/download/001197]
-**Selections from all five nikayas
-***''The Word of the Buddha: an Outline of the Teachings of the Buddha in the Words of the Pali Canon'', compiled, translated, and explained by Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Ceylon, 1935: [http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/N/Nyanatiloka/WOB/]
-***''Wings to Awakening: an Anthology from the Pali Canon'', by Thanissaro Bhikkhu, 6th revised edition, 2011: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/wings/index.html]
-*Ongoing English translation projects
-** [http://tipitaka.pbworks.com/w/page/22282156/FrontPage TipitakaWiki]
-** [http://wipitaka.org/index.php?title=Main_Page WiPitaka], sponsored by the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
-** [http://tipitaka.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Wikipitaka]
-* [http://www.palitext.com/ The Pali Text Society] publishes Pali texts, translations, an ''Introduction to Pali'', a ''Pali-English Dictionary'', etc.; if some of the tabs at the top of the home page don't work on your computer, click on Sitemap at left
 *Complete text (in Pali)
-**image files
+**Latin script
-***''Braḥ Traipiṭakapāḷi'', 110 volumes, Phnom Penh, 1931-1969:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606015925/http://dhamma4khmer2.org/Tipitaka_Reading_1.html]
+***[https://web.archive.org/web/20190627171205/http://www.btmar.org/content/tipitaka-del-sexto-concilio-buddhista-textos-pali ''Chaṭṭhasa&#7749;gītipiṭaka&#x1E41;''], 40 volumes, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Yangon, 2008; also [https://web.archive.org/web/20190627170838/http://www.btmar.org/content/tipitaka-del-sexto-concilio-buddhista-comentarios commentaries] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20190627171521/http://www.btmar.org/content/tipitaka-del-sexto-concilio-buddhista-subcomentarios subcommentaries] (commentaries on commentaries)
-***''Buddhajayanti Tripitaka'', 52 volumes [in 58], published under the patronage of (the government of) Ceylon/Sri Lanka, 1957-1989: [http://www.pali-text-images.net/bjt/index.htm]
+***[http://web.archive.org/web/20100615203958/http://buddhistethics.org/palicanon.html Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project]; also includes many other Pali texts
-***''Chaṭṭhasa&#7749;gītipiṭaka&#x1E41;''; various printings:
+***[http://suttacentral.net/ SuttaCentral]; see [https://suttacentral.wordpress.com/2014/05/08/suttacentral-upgrade-2014/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120820133726/http://society.worldtipitaka.info/world-tipitaka-project/the-project/introduction] for background on this; also includes early Buddhist literature in other languages, and many translations into English and other languages
-****[http://www.btmar.org/content/tipitaka-del-sexto-concilio-buddhista-textos-pali]; complete set, including commentaries and subcommentaries, can be downloaded free of charge from [http://www.btmar.org/content/tipitaka-del-sexto-concilio-buddhista-inicio]
+***[http://www.tipitaka.org Vipassana Research Institute], Igatpuri, India; also includes commentaries, subcommentaries and other Pali texts; various formats, including app
-****[http://www.pali-text-images.net/cst/index.htm]
+**scripts used in Theravada countries
-****[http://www.kbrl.gov.mm/catalog/Index/39?page=32] (click on Eng to get the page in English instead of Burmese); also includes English translations of a lot of the Canon
+***[https://www.pali-text-images.net/ Anandajoti]: more than one edition
-**text files
+***[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606015925/http://dhamma4khmer2.org/Tipitaka_Reading_1.html ''Braḥ Traipiṭakapāḷi''], 110 volumes, Phnom Penh, 1931-1969; includes Khmer translations on right-hand pages
-***Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project: [http://web.archive.org/web/20100615203958/http://buddhistethics.org/palicanon.html]; also includes many other Pali texts
+***[http://www.aathaapi.net/tipitaka/ ''Buddha Jayanti Tripitaka''], 52 volumes [in 58], published under the patronage of the government of Ceylon / Sri Lanka, 1957-1989; includes Sinhalese translations on right-hand pages
-***Sutta Central: [http://suttacentral.net/]; see [https://suttacentral.wordpress.com/2014/05/08/suttacentral-upgrade-2014/], [https://sites.google.com/a/worldtipitaka.info/society/world-tipitaka-project/the-project/introduction] for background on this; also includes early Buddhist literature in other languages
+***[http://www.kbrl.gov.mm/catalog/Index/39?page=32 Kabaaye Buddha Research Library] (click on Eng to get the page in English instead of Burmese); also includes many other books in Pali, Burmese, and English
-***Vipassana Research Institute, Igatpuri, India: [http://www.tipitaka.org]; also includes commentaries, subcommentaries and other Pali texts
 **watch  this space:
-***[http://sydney.edu.au/arts/research/kuthodaw/]
+***[http://www.budsir.org BUDSIR (BUDdhist Studies Information Retrieval)] has carried an under construction notice for years; supposed to have a Thai edition
-***[http://www.budsir.org] has carried an under construction notice for many months
+***[https://palitextsociety.org/non-pts-editions-of-pali-texts/ King Chulalongkorn Edition 1893] links to scans of most volumes of a Siamese edition of the Canon; maybe the others will be added sometime
-*[https://sites.google.com/a/worldtipitaka.info/society/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/comparative-tipitaka-volumes Parallel volume-by-volume table of contents of a number of editions]; see [https://sites.google.com/a/worldtipitaka.info/society/world-tipitaka-project/world-tipitaka-roman-script/reference-to-pali-tipitaka-editions-in-various-scripts] for the code letters used there.
+***[https://opencontext.org/projects/b6de18c6-bba8-4b53-9d9e-3eea4b794268 Kuthodaw Pagoda Project]
-===Further reading===
-* ''New Guide to the Tipitaka. A Complete Reference to the Pâli Buddhist Canon'', Matthew Meghaprasara, Sangha of Books, Delhi, 2013; [http://www.amazon.com/New-Guide-Tipitaka-Complete-Reference/dp/1926892682 Amazon]
-*Anthologies in English
-**Selections from the first two pitakas
-***''The Life of Gotama the Buddha, Compiled Exclusively from the Pali Canon'' by E. H. Brewster, Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1926
-***''The Life of the Buddha As It Appears in the Pali Canon, the Oldest Authentic Record'', translation from the Pali, selection of material, and arrangement, by Bhikkhu Ñ&#257;ṇamoli, [[Buddhist Publication Society]], Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1972: [http://www.bps.lk/bookshop-search.php?styp=lst&&s=1&d=bp101s]
-**Selections from the last two pitakas
-***''Buddhist Meditation: an Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon'', Sarah Shaw, Routledge, London / New York, 2006: [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415485685/]
-**Selections from the first four nikayas
-***Teachings of the Buddha: ''In the Buddha's Words: an Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon'', edited and introduced by Bhikkhu Bodhi, Wisdom Publications, Somerville, Mass., 2005: [http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/buddhas-words]
-*Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga (probably 5th century AD) has been described as a "general commentary to the whole canon"<ref>''Dispeller of Delusion'', volume I, Pali Text Society, 1987, page vii</ref>
-**''The Path of Purity'', translated by Pe Maung Tin, [3 volumes,] [1922]-1931; reprinted in 1 volume, Pali Text Society
-**''The Path of Purification'', translated by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli, 1956; reprint Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka
 ==Notes==
 <references/>

Pali Canon: Difference between revisions

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