Wikisage, the free encyclopedia of the second generation, is digital heritage

Family Constellations: Difference between revisions

From Wikisage
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Constellations&action=edit&oldid=1235820969 21 July 2024‎ Ava Ketel (16 July 2024‎))
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Form of pseudotherapy}}
[[File:Familie2_de_2_reiter.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations session]]
{{Paranormal}}
'''Family Constellations''', /Familienaufstellung/ also known as '''Systemic Constellations''' and '''Systemic Family Constellations''', is a pseudoscientific<ref name="Witkowski"/> therapeutic method which draws on elements of [[family systems therapy]], [[existential phenomenology]] and [[Zulu people|Zulu]] beliefs and attitudes to family.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1066480706287279|title="Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany|year=2006|last1=Cohen|first1=D. B.|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226–233|s2cid=145474250|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a single session, a Family Constellation supposedly attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.
[[File:Konst1014.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations session]]
'''Family Constellations''', also known as '''Systemic Constellations''' and '''Systemic Family Constellations''', is a phenomenological therapeutic method which draws on elements of [[family systems therapy]], [[Gestalt therapy]], [[existential phenomenology]] and [[Zulu people|Zulu]] beliefs and attitudes to family.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1066480706287279|title="Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany|year=2006|last1=Cohen|first1=D. B.|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226–233|s2cid=145474250|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.


Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. The method has been described by physicists as [[quantum mysticism]], and its founder [[Bert Hellinger]] incorporated the speculative idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=First Person Jewish |first1=Alisa |last1=Lebow |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4354-7 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy |edition=illustrated |first1=Tomasz |last1=Witkowski |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62734-528-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 Extract of page 261]</ref>  
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. The method has been described by physicists as [[quantum mysticism]], and its founder [[Bert Hellinger]] incorporated the speculative idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=First Person Jewish |first1=Alisa |last1=Lebow |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4354-7 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC}}</ref><ref name="Witkowski">{{cite book |title=Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy |edition=illustrated |first1=Tomasz |last1=Witkowski |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62734-528-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>


However, the concept that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family<ref>{{Citation |last1=Auerhahn |first1=Nanette C. |title=Intergenerational Memory of the Holocaust |date=1998 |work=International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma |pages=21–41 |editor-last=Danieli |editor-first=Yael |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_2 |access-date=2024-07-16 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_2 |isbn=978-1-4757-5567-1 |last2=Laub |first2=Dori}}</ref>, even if those affected are unaware of the original event<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kellermann |first=Natan P. F. |date=August 2001 |title=Transmission of Holocaust Trauma - An Integrative View |url=http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/psyc.64.3.256.18464 |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |language=en |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=256–267 |doi=10.1521/psyc.64.3.256.18464 |pmid=11708051 |issn=0033-2747}}</ref>, called [[Intergenerational psychological trauma|intergenerational]] or [[transgenerational trauma]], has been subject to many research studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Békés |first1=Vera |last2=Starrs |first2=Claire J. |date=2024-12-31 |title=Assessing transgenerational trauma transmission: development and psychometric properties of the Historical Intergenerational Trauma Transmission Questionnaire (HITT-Q) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20008066.2024.2329510  |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008066.2024.2329510 |issn=2000-8066 |pmc=10967669 |pmid=38530844}}</ref>, which first started with war and [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims, but since has expanded to, amongst others, Black<ref>Douglas, J., Perlstein, M., & Polanco-Roman, L. (2024). Toward an understanding of intergenerational trauma and storytelling in Black families. ''Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.'' Advance online publication. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001746</nowiki></ref>, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luebke |first1=Jeneile |last2=Thomas |first2=Nicole |last3=Nkhoma |first3=Yamikani B. |last4=Fernandez |first4=Angela R. |last5=Moore |first5=Kaylen Marua |last6=Lopez |first6=Alexa A. |last7=Mkandawire-Valhmu |first7=Lucy |date=July 2024 |title="It is like a curse". The lived experiences of the intersection of intergenerational violence, pregnancy, and intimate partner violence among urban Wisconsin Indigenous women |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.010 |journal=Archives of Psychiatric Nursing |volume=51 |pages=274–281 |doi=10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.010 |issn=0883-9417}}</ref> or [[Aboriginal Australians|aboriginal]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Willmot |first1=Joanne |last2=Hamer |first2=Jen |last3=Riggs |first3=Damien W. |last4=Rosenberg |first4=Shoshana |date=2024-04-02 |title=Healing from intergenerational trauma: narratives of connection, belonging, and truth-telling in two Aboriginal healing camps |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2023.2260547 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2023.2260547 |issn=2201-473X}}</ref>, and immigrant<ref>Huynh, A., Yeh, C. J., & Tang, P. (2024). Intergenerational trauma and resilience among second-generation Southeast Asian Americans. ''Asian American Journal of Psychology.'' Advance online publication. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000343</nowiki></ref> populations.  
Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as ''systemic entanglements,'' said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".<ref>Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). ''Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy''. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.</ref>
 
Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as ''systemic entanglements,'' said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".<ref>Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). ''Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy''. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.</ref>


==Conceptual basis==
==Conceptual basis==
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of [[existential phenomenology]], family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of [[existential phenomenology]], family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.


The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This perspective stands in contrast to the [[positivist]] [[reductionist]] orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.<ref name=Cohen>Cohen, D. B. (2006). "Family Constellations": An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. ''The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families'', 14, 226-233.</ref>
The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This perspective stands in contrast to the [[positivist]] [[reductionist]] orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.<ref name="Cohen"/>


Family Constellations take their form from [[Family therapy|family systems psychology]]. Influential figures in this movement include [[Jacob Moreno]], the founder of [[psychodrama]]; [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]], the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; [[Milton Erickson]], a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; [[Eric Berne]] who conceived the concept of ''life scripts''; [[Fritz Perls]], the founder of [[Gestalt therapy|Gestalt Therapy]], and [[Virginia Satir]], who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.<ref name=Cohen /> In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.
Family Constellations take their form from [[Family therapy|family systems psychology]]. Influential figures in this movement include [[Jacob Moreno]], the founder of [[psychodrama]]; [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]], the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; [[Milton Erickson]], a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; [[Eric Berne]] who conceived the concept of ''life scripts''; and [[Virginia Satir]], who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.<ref name="Cohen" /> In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.


The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to supposedly contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a [[Roman Catholic]] priest in [[South Africa]] for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.<ref name=Cohen />
The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to supposedly contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a [[Roman Catholic]] priest in [[South Africa]] for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.<ref name="Cohen" />


Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.
Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.
Hellinger later worked extensively with the German and Jewish populations affected by [[World War II]] trauma to seek reconciliation between perpetrators and survivors, first or second generation<ref>Der große Konflikt: Die Antwort - Hellinger, Bert
ISBN: 9783442337347 Verlag: Goldmann</ref>. This further developed his understanding of the invisible bonds between the two parties, outside of the family itself, a bond built by trauma, similar to the better known [[Stockholm syndrome]].


The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma.
The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma.


==The method==
==The method==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
*''This section needs additional citations for verification.''
[[Image:Family constellation.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
[[File:Familia_2_2_de_2_reiter.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by [[Bert Hellinger]] in the 1990s.<ref name=Cohen /> Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.<ref>[http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html "The Constellation Approach"]</ref> The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and [[consciousness studies]] to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by [[Bert Hellinger]] in the 1990s.<ref name="Cohen" /> Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.<ref>[http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html "The Constellation Approach"]</ref> The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and [[consciousness studies]] to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.


* A workshop is led by a facilitator who guides a client (or seeker) to set up a Constellation (described below) with regards to the client's personal issue.  Either individually or in a group (a group of any size, but smaller groups may be difficult for some clients<ref>Manne, J. (2009). Family Constellations: A Practical Guide to Uncovering the Origins of Family Conflict. United States: North Atlantic Books., page 16. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdlUyIrVLcC&pg=PA16]</ref>), these people can explore the issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
* A workshop is led by a facilitator who guides a client (or seeker) to set up a Constellation (described below) with regards to the client's personal issue.  Either individually or in a group (a group of any size, but smaller groups may be difficult for some clients<ref>Manne, J. (2009). Family Constellations: A Practical Guide to Uncovering the Origins of Family Conflict. United States: North Atlantic Books., page 16. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdlUyIrVLcC&pg=PA16]</ref>), these people can explore the issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
Line 41: Line 33:
*When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "take the place of his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.
*When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "take the place of his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.


A constellation session is a one time event with no follow up.  It may take place in front of a large audience. <ref name="Talarczyk"/>


== See also ==
==Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy==
* [[Family systems therapy]]
In 2014, Christina Hunger, et al., of the Institute for Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, [[University Hospital Heidelberg]] ran a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate that participants in family constellation seminars, on average, showed "improved experience in personal social systems" relative to a control group.  The effects of the seminars were measured 2 weeks and 4 months after the seminars.
* [[Psychodrama]]
<ref name="Hunger">{{cite web|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96323779&site=eds-live&scope=site|title=Improving Experience in Personal Social Systems through Family Constellation Seminars: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.|author=Christina Hunger, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer, Jan Weinhold|journal=
* [[Internal Family Systems Model]]
Family Process. Jun2014, Vol. 53 Issue 2, p288-306.}}</ref>  Hunger, et al., followed up at 8 months and 12 months and found participants still "showed improvement of psychological functioning" relative to the control group.<ref name="Hunger 2">{{cite web|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=103143366&site=eds-live&scope=site|title=Mid- and Long-Term Effects of Family Constellation Seminars in a General Population Sample: 8- and 12-Month Follow-Up. |author=Christina Hunger, Jan Weinhold, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer|journal= Family Process, 00147370, Jun2015, Vol. 54, Issue 2}}</ref>
 
==Criticism==
==References==
Małgorzata Talarczyk of The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic,
{{Reflist}}
[[Poznań University of Medical Sciences]] in Poland has criticized the family constellation method as not meeting many of aspects of the Polish Code of Ethics for Psychiatrists.  In particular, she found that it was inadequate in the areas of "the process, contract, diagnosis, supervision, confidentiality, alternativeness."  Thus it is difficult to consider it as "psychotherapy". <ref name="Talarczyk">{{cite web|url=https://www.archivespp.pl/Family-Constellation-Method-of-Bert-Hellinger-in-the-context-of-the-Code-of-Ethics,153318,0,2.html|title=Family Constellation Method of Bert Hellinger in the context of the Code of Ethics for Psychotherapists|author=Małgorzata Talarczyk|journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy|date=2011|pages=65-74}}</ref>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
Line 58: Line 51:
   | title= [[Crazy Therapies]] | publisher=Jossey-Bass | year=1996 }}
   | title= [[Crazy Therapies]] | publisher=Jossey-Bass | year=1996 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Konkolÿ Thege | first1=Barna | last2=Petroll | first2=Carla | last3=Rivas | first3=Carlos | last4=Scholtens | first4=Salome | title=The Effectiveness of Family Constellation Therapy in Improving Mental Health: A Systematic Review | journal=Family Process | publisher=Wiley | volume=60 | issue=2 | date=2 February 2021 | issn=0014-7370 | doi=10.1111/famp.12636 | pages=409–423| pmid=33528854 | s2cid=231752236 | url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177231226/famp.12636.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Konkolÿ Thege | first1=Barna | last2=Petroll | first2=Carla | last3=Rivas | first3=Carlos | last4=Scholtens | first4=Salome | title=The Effectiveness of Family Constellation Therapy in Improving Mental Health: A Systematic Review | journal=Family Process | publisher=Wiley | volume=60 | issue=2 | date=2 February 2021 | issn=0014-7370 | doi=10.1111/famp.12636 | pages=409–423| pmid=33528854 | s2cid=231752236 | url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177231226/famp.12636.pdf }}
== See also ==
* [[Family systems therapy]]
* [[Psychodrama]]
* [[Internal Family Systems Model]]
==External links==
* https://en.everybodywiki.com/Edithistory:Family_Constellations
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870444
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Family_Constellations
==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Alternative medicine}}
{{Alternative medicine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{wikidata|Q870444}}


[[Category:Family therapy|Constellations]]
[[Category:Family therapy|Constellations]]
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Psychological theories]]
[[Category:Psychological theories]]

Latest revision as of 16:09, 17 August 2024

Family Constellations session

Family Constellations, /Familienaufstellung/ also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, is a pseudoscientific[1] therapeutic method which draws on elements of family systems therapy, existential phenomenology and Zulu beliefs and attitudes to family.[2] In a single session, a Family Constellation supposedly attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.

Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of cognitive, behaviour and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The method has been described by physicists as quantum mysticism, and its founder Bert Hellinger incorporated the speculative idea of morphic resonance into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as suggestion and empathy.[3][4][1]

Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as systemic entanglements, said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.[5] The psychiatrist Iván Böszörményi-Nagy referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".[6]

Conceptual basis

The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of existential phenomenology, family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.

The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This perspective stands in contrast to the positivist reductionist orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.[2]

Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Influential figures in this movement include Jacob Moreno, the founder of psychodrama; Iván Böszörményi-Nagy, the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; Milton Erickson, a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; Eric Berne who conceived the concept of life scripts; and Virginia Satir, who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.[2] In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.

The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to supposedly contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a Roman Catholic priest in South Africa for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the Zulu language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.[2]

Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.[7] In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.[8] The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.

The term "Family Constellations" was first used by Alfred Adler in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma.

The method

  • This section needs additional citations for verification.
Family Constellations

This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.[2] Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.[9] The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness studies to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.

  • A workshop is led by a facilitator who guides a client (or seeker) to set up a Constellation (described below) with regards to the client's personal issue. Either individually or in a group (a group of any size, but smaller groups may be difficult for some clients[10]), these people can explore the issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
  • After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
  • The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
  • Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent. Initially, unlike psychodrama, the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role-play.
  • Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is supposedly to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the Knowing Field[11] and former biologist Rupert Sheldrake has suggested is morphic resonance.[12] The Knowing Field is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent; however, representative perception (morphic resonance) is not a concept with any scientific basis. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that are thought to inform the process.
  • The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may believe they perceive an underlying dynamic in the spatial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the pertinent personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family is thought to reveal that traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
  • A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after repositioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
  • When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "take the place of his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.

A constellation session is a one time event with no follow up. It may take place in front of a large audience. [13]

Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy

In 2014, Christina Hunger, et al., of the Institute for Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg ran a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate that participants in family constellation seminars, on average, showed "improved experience in personal social systems" relative to a control group. The effects of the seminars were measured 2 weeks and 4 months after the seminars. [14] Hunger, et al., followed up at 8 months and 12 months and found participants still "showed improvement of psychological functioning" relative to the control group.[15]

Criticism

Małgorzata Talarczyk of The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Poznań University of Medical Sciences in Poland has criticized the family constellation method as not meeting many of aspects of the Polish Code of Ethics for Psychiatrists. In particular, she found that it was inadequate in the areas of "the process, contract, diagnosis, supervision, confidentiality, alternativeness." Thus it is difficult to consider it as "psychotherapy". [13]

Further reading

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Witkowski, Tomasz (2015). Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy (illustrated ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-62734-528-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cohen, D. B. (2006). ""Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany". The Family Journal 14 (3): 226–233. doi:10.1177/1066480706287279. 
  3. ↑ Carroll, Robert T.. "Bert Hellinger and family constellations". skepdic.com. http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html. 
  4. ↑ Lebow, Alisa (2008). First Person Jewish. U of Minnesota Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8166-4354-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC. 
  5. ↑ Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
  6. ↑ Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.
  7. ↑ Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).
  8. ↑ Lawson, E. T. (1985). Religions of Africa. New York: Harper and Row.
  9. ↑ "The Constellation Approach"
  10. ↑ Manne, J. (2009). Family Constellations: A Practical Guide to Uncovering the Origins of Family Conflict. United States: North Atlantic Books., page 16. [1]
  11. ↑ Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit [Intellectual cures for a new time]. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.
  12. ↑ Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Małgorzata Talarczyk (2011). "Family Constellation Method of Bert Hellinger in the context of the Code of Ethics for Psychotherapists". pp. 65-74. https://www.archivespp.pl/Family-Constellation-Method-of-Bert-Hellinger-in-the-context-of-the-Code-of-Ethics,153318,0,2.html. 
  14. ↑ Christina Hunger, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer, Jan Weinhold. "Improving Experience in Personal Social Systems through Family Constellation Seminars: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.". https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96323779&site=eds-live&scope=site. 
  15. ↑ Christina Hunger, Jan Weinhold, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer. "Mid- and Long-Term Effects of Family Constellation Seminars in a General Population Sample: 8- and 12-Month Follow-Up.". https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=103143366&site=eds-live&scope=site. 

Template:Alternative medicine Template:Authority control Q870444 at Wikidata  Interwiki via Wikidata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Constellations&oldid=11814"