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[[File:Konst1014.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations]]
[[File:Familie2_de_2_reiter.jpg|thumb|Family Constellations session]]
'''Family Constellations''', also known as [[Systemic Constellations]] and Systemic Family Constellations, is an [[alternative medicine|alternative]] therapeutic method which attempts in a single session to reveal a previously unrecognized systemic dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject to accept the factual reality of the past.
'''Family Constellations''', /Familienaufstellung/ also known as '''Systemic Constellations''' and '''Systemic Family Constellations''', is a pseudoscientific<ref name="Witkowski"/> therapeutic method which draws on elements of [[family systems therapy]], [[existential phenomenology]] and [[Zulu people|Zulu]] beliefs and attitudes to family.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1066480706287279|title="Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany|year=2006|last1=Cohen|first1=D. B.|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226–233|s2cid=145474250|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a single session, a Family Constellation supposedly attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.


While the names are sometimes used interchangeably, [[Systemic Constellations]] is a often used as a broader category which includes family constellations, organizational constellations and structural constellations, with the difference mainly being the system to be explored.<ref>https://iscanet.wordpress.com/2015/07/16/hallo-welt/</ref><ref>Jan Jacob Stam, Fields of Connection: The practice of Organizational Constellations, 2006, Uitgeverij Het Noorderlicht</ref><ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref> While originally used for family systems, the expansion to use with other systems lead to the more general term [[Systemic Constellations]].
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. The method has been described by physicists as [[quantum mysticism]], and its founder [[Bert Hellinger]] incorporated the speculative idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=First Person Jewish |first1=Alisa |last1=Lebow |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4354-7 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC}}</ref><ref name="Witkowski">{{cite book |title=Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy |edition=illustrated |first1=Tomasz |last1=Witkowski |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62734-528-6 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>


Many people contributed to the development of the process; however, the German-born [[Bert Hellinger]] (b. 1925) is widely acknowledged as the founder of the process in its modern form. His first book, published in English as Love's Hidden Symmetry,<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> became a best seller in Germany and brought Constellations to public awareness.
Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as ''systemic entanglements,'' said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".<ref>Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). ''Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy''. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.</ref>
 
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]], [[Behaviour therapy|behaviour]] and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]. [[Bert Hellinger]] wrote that Family Constellations has the capacity to open up new perspectives and possible solutions.<ref>{{cite book | last= Hellinger | first= Bert | title= No Waves Without the Ocean | publisher= Carl-AuerSysteme Verlag | year=2006 }}</ref> Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected now are unaware of the original event in the past. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as ''Systemic entanglements,'' said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.<ref>Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). ''Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships''. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.</ref> The psychiatrist [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]] referred to this phenomenon as ''Invisible Loyalties''.<ref>Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). ''Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy''. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.</ref>
 
Family Constellations appears to have a favorable effect on relationships, wellbeing, and raising awareness generally.<ref>{{cite book | last= Hellinger | first= Bert | title= No Waves Without the Ocean | publisher= Carl-AuerSysteme Verlag | year=2006 }}</ref><ref>Yildiz Sethi, Does the Process Of Family Constellations Improve Relationships and Wellbeing?, December 2010, Page 17, http://familyconstellations.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/research_Dec_2010_doc1.pdf.</ref><ref> Mahr, A. (2005) How the Living and the Dead can Heal Each Other. The Knowing Field International Constellations Journal (6) p4-9</ref><ref> Schneider, J. (2007) Family Constellations Basic Principles. Heidelberg. CarlAuer-Systeme Verlag </ref><ref> Liebermeister, S. (2006) The Roots of Love. Cambridge. Perfect Publishing.</ref><ref>Ulsamer, B (2003) The Art and Practice of Family Constellations. Heidelberg. Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag </ref> Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as [[suggestion]] and [[empathy]].<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref>
 
There have been different explanations suggested for how people might be effected by their ancestors that range from the more scientific, such as attachment bonding,<ref>Yildiz Sethi (2011) Family Constellations and Kinesiology, http://familyconstellations.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/AIK_conf.article_dec_2011_doc_latest1.doc</ref> trans-generational trauma<ref>Luciana Lorens Braga & Marcelo Feijo Mello (2012) Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience, http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-12-134</ref> and epigenetics,<ref>Jelinek, Elizabeth Maureen, Ph.D. (2015) Epigenetics: The transgenerational transmission of ancestral trauma, experiences, and behaviors--as seen in systemic family constellations, California Institute of Integral Studies, http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1728319426.html?FMT=AI</ref> to the more alternative, such as shamanic principles<ref>Daan van Kampenhout (2001) Images of the Soul</ref> and morphic fields. [[Bert Hellinger|Hellinger]] incorporates the [[pseudoscientific]] idea of [[morphic resonance]] into his explanation of how the effect might span generations, an explanation that physicists call [[quantum quackery]], saying "there is no good reason to believe that there are quantum effects at the biological level."<ref name=carroll>{{cite web |author=Carroll, Robert T. |title=Bert Hellinger and family constellations |url=http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html |publisher=skepdic.com}}</ref>


==Conceptual basis==
==Conceptual basis==
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations was derived through an integration of [[existential phenomenology]], [[Family therapy|family systems therapy]], and elements of indigenous spiritual mysticism.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1066480706287279|title="Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany|year=2006|last1=Cohen|first1=D. B.|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226}}</ref>
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of [[existential phenomenology]], family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.


The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This perspective stands in contrast to the [[positivist]] [[reductionist]] orientation of the scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.<ref name=Cohen>Cohen, D. B. (2006). "Family Constellations": An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. ''The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families'', 14, 226-233.</ref>
The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This perspective stands in contrast to the [[positivist]] [[reductionist]] orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.<ref name="Cohen"/>


Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Leading figures in this movement whose influence can be recognized include [[Jacob Moreno]], the founder of [[psychodrama]]; [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]], the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; [[Milton Erickson]], a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; [[Eric Berne]] who conceived the concept of ''life scripts''; and [[Virginia Satir]], who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.<ref name=Cohen /> In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.
Family Constellations take their form from [[Family therapy|family systems psychology]]. Influential figures in this movement include [[Jacob Moreno]], the founder of [[psychodrama]]; [[Iván Böszörményi-Nagy]], the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; [[Milton Erickson]], a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; [[Eric Berne]] who conceived the concept of ''life scripts''; and [[Virginia Satir]], who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.<ref name="Cohen" /> In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.


The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a [[Roman Catholic]] priest in [[South Africa]] for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] language, participated in their rituals, and gained an appreciation for their distinct worldview.<ref name=Cohen />
The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to supposedly contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a [[Roman Catholic]] priest in [[South Africa]] for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.<ref name="Cohen" />


Of particular importance is the difference between traditional [[Zulu people|Zulu]] attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. [[Heidegger]] postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the ancestors were the central focal point. The ancestors were regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.
Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.<ref>Heidegger, M. (1962). ''Being and time'' (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).</ref> In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.<ref>Lawson, E. T. (1985). ''Religions of Africa''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref> The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.


The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system.
The term "Family Constellations" was first used by [[Alfred Adler]] in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma.


==The method==
==The method==
{{refimprove section|date=July 2013}}
*''This section needs additional citations for verification.''
[[Image:Family constellation.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
[[File:Familia_2_2_de_2_reiter.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Family Constellations]]
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.<ref name=Cohen /> Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Bert Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.<ref>[http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html "The Constellation Approach"]</ref> The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness studies to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.
This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by [[Bert Hellinger]] in the 1990s.<ref name="Cohen" /> Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.<ref>[http://www.constellationapproach.com/the-approach.html "The Constellation Approach"]</ref> The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and [[consciousness studies]] to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.


* A group (workshop) is led by a facilitator. In turn, members of the group can explore an urgent personal issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
* A workshop is led by a facilitator who guides a client (or seeker) to set up a Constellation (described below) with regards to the client's personal issue. Either individually or in a group (a group of any size, but smaller groups may be difficult for some clients<ref>Manne, J. (2009). Family Constellations: A Practical Guide to Uncovering the Origins of Family Conflict. United States: North Atlantic Books., page 16. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdlUyIrVLcC&pg=PA16]</ref>), these people can explore the issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
* After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
* After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
* The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
* The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
* Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent in their places. Initially, unlike [[psychodrama]], the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role play.
* Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent. Initially, unlike [[psychodrama]], the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role-play.
* Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the ''Knowing Field''<ref>Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In ''Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit'' [''Intellectual cures for a new time'']. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.</ref> and former biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]] has suggested is [[morphic resonance]].<ref>Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.</ref> The ''Knowing Field'' is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent, what is called "representative perception."<ref>Mahr, A. (1999). Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen [The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing].  In Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit [Intellectual cures for a new time]. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.</ref><ref>Schneider, J. R. (2007). Family constellations: Basic principles and procedures (C. Beaumont, Trans.).  Heidelberg, Germany: Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag.</ref><ref>Ulsamer, B. (2005).  The healing power of the past: The systemic therapy of Bert Hellinger.  Nevada City, CA: Underwood.</ref>  This refers to the phenomenon of perceiving emotions and body sensations that are meaningful in relation to the individuals they represent. However, ''representative perception'' ([[morphic resonance]]) is not a concept with any scientific basis. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that are thought to inform the process.
* Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is supposedly to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the ''Knowing Field''<ref>Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In ''Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit'' [''Intellectual cures for a new time'']. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.</ref> and former biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]] has suggested is [[morphic resonance]].<ref>Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.</ref> The ''Knowing Field'' is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent; however, ''representative perception'' ([[morphic resonance]]) is not a concept with any scientific basis. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that are thought to inform the process.
* The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may believe they perceive an underlying dynamic in the spacial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the presenting personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family is thought to reveal that severe traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
* The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may believe they perceive an underlying dynamic in the spatial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the pertinent personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family is thought to reveal that traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
* A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after re-positioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
* A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after repositioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
*When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "replace his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.
*When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "take the place of his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.


==See also==
A constellation session is a one time event with no follow up.  It may take place in front of a large audience. <ref name="Talarczyk"/>
* [[Systemic Constellations]]


==References==
==Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy==
{{reflist|2}}
In 2014, Christina Hunger, et al., of the Institute for Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, [[University Hospital Heidelberg]] ran a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate that participants in family constellation seminars, on average, showed "improved experience in personal social systems" relative to a control group.  The effects of the seminars were measured 2 weeks and 4 months after the seminars.
<ref name="Hunger">{{cite web|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96323779&site=eds-live&scope=site|title=Improving Experience in Personal Social Systems through Family Constellation Seminars: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.|author=Christina Hunger, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer, Jan Weinhold|journal=
Family Process. Jun2014, Vol. 53 Issue 2, p288-306.}}</ref>  Hunger, et al., followed up at 8 months and 12 months and found participants still "showed improvement of psychological functioning" relative to the control group.<ref name="Hunger 2">{{cite web|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=103143366&site=eds-live&scope=site|title=Mid- and Long-Term Effects of Family Constellation Seminars in a General Population Sample: 8- and 12-Month Follow-Up. |author=Christina Hunger, Jan Weinhold, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer|journal= Family Process, 00147370, Jun2015, Vol. 54, Issue 2}}</ref>
==Criticism==
Małgorzata Talarczyk of The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic,
[[Poznań University of Medical Sciences]] in Poland has criticized the family constellation method as not meeting many of aspects of the Polish Code of Ethics for Psychiatrists.  In particular, she found that it was inadequate in the areas of "the process, contract, diagnosis, supervision, confidentiality, alternativeness."  Thus it is difficult to consider it as "psychotherapy". <ref name="Talarczyk">{{cite web|url=https://www.archivespp.pl/Family-Constellation-Method-of-Bert-Hellinger-in-the-context-of-the-Code-of-Ethics,153318,0,2.html|title=Family Constellation Method of Bert Hellinger in the context of the Code of Ethics for Psychotherapists|author=Małgorzata Talarczyk|journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy|date=2011|pages=65-74}}</ref>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Boszormenyi-Nagy| first=Ivan| last2=Spark | first2=G. M.
* {{cite book | last1=Boszormenyi-Nagy| first1=Ivan| last2=Spark | first2=G. M.
   | year=1973
   | year=1973
   | title=Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy
   | title=Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy
   | publisher=Harper & Row}}
   | publisher=Harper & Row}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen| first=Dan Booth
* {{cite book | last1=Singer | last2=Lalich | first2=Janja
   | title= I Carry Your Heart in My Heart: Family Constellations in Prison
   | title= [[Crazy Therapies]] | publisher=Jossey-Bass | year=1996 }}
  | publisher=Carl Auer-Systeme Verlag International| year=2009 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Konkolÿ Thege | first1=Barna | last2=Petroll | first2=Carla | last3=Rivas | first3=Carlos | last4=Scholtens | first4=Salome | title=The Effectiveness of Family Constellation Therapy in Improving Mental Health: A Systematic Review | journal=Family Process | publisher=Wiley | volume=60 | issue=2 | date=2 February 2021 | issn=0014-7370 | doi=10.1111/famp.12636 | pages=409–423| pmid=33528854 | s2cid=231752236 | url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177231226/famp.12636.pdf }}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen| first=Dan Booth
  | chapter= Begin with the work: Constellations in large group systems
  | editor=E. J. Lynch & S. Tucker
  | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners
  | publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen| year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Franke | first=Ursula  | year= 2003
  | title= The river never looks back: Historical and practical foundations of Bert Hellinger's family constellations
  | publisher=Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag }}
* {{cite book | last=Lynch | first=Ed | last2=Tucker | first2=Suzi
  | title= Messengers of healing: The family constellations of Bert Hellinger through the eyes of a new generation of practitioners
  | publisher=Zeig, Tucker & Theisen | year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mahr | first=Albrecht | year=1999
  | chapter= Das wissende Feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches Heilen (The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing)
  | title=Geistiges heilen für eine neue Zeit | publisher=Kösel Verlag }}
* {{cite web | last=Mahr | first=Albrecht | year=2004
  | title=Family Constellations – Failure, Evil, and Guilt as Sources for Loving Dedication and Compassionate Strength
  | url=http://www.byronevents.net/familyconstellation/mahr.html
  | publisher=Collective Wisdom Initiative}}
* {{cite book | last=Payne | first=John L.
  | title= The Healing of Individuals, Families and Nations: Trans-generational healing & family constellations
  | publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2005 }}
* {{cite book | last=Payne | first=John L.
  | title= The Language of the Soul: Trans-Generational Healing & Family Constellations
  | publisher=Findhorn Press| year=2006 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singer | last2=Lalich | first2=Janja
  | title= Crazy Therapies | publisher=Jossey-Bass | year=1996 }}
* {{cite book | last=Niemeyer | first=Luciana  | year= 2012
  | title= Seleção de Pessoal: A visão dos Gestores (Dissertação de Mestrado sobre a aplicação da Constelação Sistêmica Organizacional em processos de Seleção de Pessoal nas empresas)
  | publisher=Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC / SP }}


== See also ==
* [[Family systems therapy]]
* [[Psychodrama]]
* [[Internal Family Systems Model]]
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://tfj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/226 Article on Family Constellations]
* https://en.everybodywiki.com/Edithistory:Family_Constellations
* [http://www.maps.org/research Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies: MAPS]
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870444
* [http://gradworks.umi.com/33/44/3344884.html Dissertation on Family Constellations]
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Family_Constellations
* [http://www.anzjft.com/pages/sample_articles.php?oldcommand=article_search&id=395&searchtext=stiefel&category=&page=1 Article from Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy]
==References==
* [http://www.isca-network.org/FoundationsE An article on the history of Family Constellations]
{{Reflist}}


{{Alternative medicine}}
{{Alternative medicine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{wikidata|Q870444}}


[[Category:Family therapy]]
[[Category:Family therapy|Constellations]]
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Psychological theories]]

Latest revision as of 16:09, 17 August 2024

Family Constellations session

Family Constellations, /Familienaufstellung/ also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, is a pseudoscientific[1] therapeutic method which draws on elements of family systems therapy, existential phenomenology and Zulu beliefs and attitudes to family.[2] In a single session, a Family Constellation supposedly attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.

Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of cognitive, behaviour and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The method has been described by physicists as quantum mysticism, and its founder Bert Hellinger incorporated the speculative idea of morphic resonance into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as suggestion and empathy.[3][4][1]

Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as systemic entanglements, said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse.[5] The psychiatrist Iván Böszörményi-Nagy referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".[6]

Conceptual basis

The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of existential phenomenology, family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.

The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This perspective stands in contrast to the positivist reductionist orientation of scientific psychology. Rather than understanding mind, emotion and consciousness in terms of its constituent parts, existential phenomenology opens perception to the full panorama of human experience and seeks to grasp a sense of meaning.[2]

Family Constellations take their form from family systems psychology. Influential figures in this movement include Jacob Moreno, the founder of psychodrama; Iván Böszörményi-Nagy, the pioneer of transgenerational systemic thinking; Milton Erickson, a pioneer of brief therapy and hypnotherapy; Eric Berne who conceived the concept of life scripts; and Virginia Satir, who developed family sculpture, the precursor of Systemic Constellations.[2] In the past decade, further advancements in the use of the process have been innovated by practitioners throughout the world.

The process draws from indigenous spiritual mysticism to supposedly contribute towards releasing tensions, lightening emotional burdens, and resolving real-world problems. Hellinger lived as a Roman Catholic priest in South Africa for 16 years in the 1950s and 1960s. During these years, he became fluent in the Zulu language, participated in Zulu rituals, and gained an appreciation for the Zulu worldview.[2]

Of particular importance is the difference between traditional Zulu attitudes toward parents and ancestors and those typically held by Europeans. Heidegger postulated that to be human is to find oneself thrown into a world with no clear logical, ontological, or moral structure.[7] In Zulu culture, Hellinger found a certitude and equanimity that were the hallmarks of Heidegger's elusive authentic Self. The traditional Zulu people lived and acted in a religious world in which the central focal point was the ancestors. They are regarded as positive, constructive, and creative presences.[8] The connection with ancestors is a central feature of the Constellation process.

The term "Family Constellations" was first used by Alfred Adler in a somewhat different context to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. One premise of his work is that one can inherit trauma.

The method

  • This section needs additional citations for verification.
Family Constellations

This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s.[2] Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach.[9] The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness studies to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.

  • A workshop is led by a facilitator who guides a client (or seeker) to set up a Constellation (described below) with regards to the client's personal issue. Either individually or in a group (a group of any size, but smaller groups may be difficult for some clients[10]), these people can explore the issue. Generally, several members will be given an opportunity to set up a Constellation in each session.
  • After a brief interview, the facilitator suggests who will be represented in the Constellation. These are usually a representative for the seeker, one or more family members, and sometimes abstract concepts such as "depression" or a country.
  • The person presenting the issue (seeker or client) asks people from the group to stand in the Constellation as representatives. He or she arranges the representatives according to what feels right in the moment. The seeker then sits down and observes.
  • Several minutes elapse with the representatives standing still and silent. Initially, unlike psychodrama, the representatives do not act, pose, dialogue or role-play.
  • Emphasis is placed on perceptive intuition in placing the representatives and in subsequent steps of the procedure. The aim is supposedly to tune into what the psychiatrist Albrecht Mahr describes as the Knowing Field[11] and former biologist Rupert Sheldrake has suggested is morphic resonance.[12] The Knowing Field is claimed to guide participants to perceive and articulate feelings and sensation that mirror those of the real family members they represent; however, representative perception (morphic resonance) is not a concept with any scientific basis. The representatives have little or no factual knowledge about those they represent. Nevertheless, the representatives usually experience feelings or physical sensations that are thought to inform the process.
  • The facilitator may ask each representative to briefly report how they feel being placed in relation to the others. The facilitator, seeker, and group members may believe they perceive an underlying dynamic in the spatial arrangement and feelings held by the representatives that influence the pertinent personal issue. Often, configuring multiple generations in a family is thought to reveal that traumas continue to unconsciously affect the living long after the original victims or perpetrators have died.
  • A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after repositioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.
  • When the facilitator feels that the healing resolution has taken hold among the representatives, the seeker is invited to "take the place of his/her representative in the Constellation". This supposedly allows the seeker to perceive how it feels to be part of a reconfigured system. When everyone feels comfortable in their place, the Constellation concludes.

A constellation session is a one time event with no follow up. It may take place in front of a large audience. [13]

Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy

In 2014, Christina Hunger, et al., of the Institute for Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg ran a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate that participants in family constellation seminars, on average, showed "improved experience in personal social systems" relative to a control group. The effects of the seminars were measured 2 weeks and 4 months after the seminars. [14] Hunger, et al., followed up at 8 months and 12 months and found participants still "showed improvement of psychological functioning" relative to the control group.[15]

Criticism

Małgorzata Talarczyk of The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Poznań University of Medical Sciences in Poland has criticized the family constellation method as not meeting many of aspects of the Polish Code of Ethics for Psychiatrists. In particular, she found that it was inadequate in the areas of "the process, contract, diagnosis, supervision, confidentiality, alternativeness." Thus it is difficult to consider it as "psychotherapy". [13]

Further reading

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Witkowski, Tomasz (2015). Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy (illustrated ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-62734-528-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ruaRCgAAQBAJ. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cohen, D. B. (2006). ""Family Constellations": An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany". The Family Journal 14 (3): 226–233. doi:10.1177/1066480706287279. 
  3. ↑ Carroll, Robert T.. "Bert Hellinger and family constellations". skepdic.com. http://www.skepdic.com/hellinger.html. 
  4. ↑ Lebow, Alisa (2008). First Person Jewish. U of Minnesota Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8166-4354-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=SET9W5JTOUMC. 
  5. ↑ Hellinger, B., Weber, G., & Beaumont, H. (1998). Love's hidden symmetry: What makes love work in relationships. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
  6. ↑ Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.
  7. ↑ Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, translators). New York: Harper & Row (original work published 1927).
  8. ↑ Lawson, E. T. (1985). Religions of Africa. New York: Harper and Row.
  9. ↑ "The Constellation Approach"
  10. ↑ Manne, J. (2009). Family Constellations: A Practical Guide to Uncovering the Origins of Family Conflict. United States: North Atlantic Books., page 16. [1]
  11. ↑ Mahr, A. (1999). "Das wissende feld: Familienaufstellung als geistig energetisches heilen" ["The knowing field: Family constellations as mental and energetic healing"]. In Geistiges heilen für eine neue zeit [Intellectual cures for a new time]. Heidelberg, Germany: Kösel Verlag.
  12. ↑ Sheldrake, R. (1988). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Małgorzata Talarczyk (2011). "Family Constellation Method of Bert Hellinger in the context of the Code of Ethics for Psychotherapists". pp. 65-74. https://www.archivespp.pl/Family-Constellation-Method-of-Bert-Hellinger-in-the-context-of-the-Code-of-Ethics,153318,0,2.html. 
  14. ↑ Christina Hunger, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer, Jan Weinhold. "Improving Experience in Personal Social Systems through Family Constellation Seminars: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.". https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96323779&site=eds-live&scope=site. 
  15. ↑ Christina Hunger, Jan Weinhold, Annette Bornhäuser, Leoni Link, Jochen Schweitzer. "Mid- and Long-Term Effects of Family Constellation Seminars in a General Population Sample: 8- and 12-Month Follow-Up.". https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=103143366&site=eds-live&scope=site. 

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