http://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:NewPages&feed=atom&hidebots=1&hideredirs=1&limit=50&offset=&namespace=0&username=&tagfilter=Wikisage - New pages [en]2024-03-29T09:26:38ZFrom WikisageMediaWiki 1.41.0http://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Joosje_AsserJoosje Asser2024-03-20T20:23:21Z<p>Penarc: Created page with "'''Joosje Asser''' is with her brother David Asser administrator of the oeuvre of her father, Dutch lyricist and songwriter Eli Asser, a Holocaust survivor.<ref>https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joosje_Asser</ref> {{refs}}"</p>
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<div>'''Joosje Asser''' is with her brother David Asser administrator of the oeuvre of her father, Dutch lyricist and songwriter Eli Asser, a Holocaust survivor.<ref>https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joosje_Asser</ref><br />
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{{refs}}</div>Penarchttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Doctor_WhoTimeline of Doctor Who2024-03-16T11:02:45Z<p>Peter jackson: </p>
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<div>'''Doctor Who''' is a British television science fiction programme.<br />
<br />
*1963 <br />
**November 23 1715–1740, first episode broadcast: An Unearthly Child, by Anthony Coburn, edited by David Whitaker, starring William Hartnell as Dr. Who, William Russell as Ian Chesterton, Jacqueline Hill as Barbara Wright and Carole Ann Ford as Susan Foreman (order as listed in ''Radio Times''; order of appearance reverse), produced by Verity Lambert, directed by Waris Hussein; theme music by Ron Grainer and the BBC Radiophonic Workshop<br />
**December: first appearance of the Daleks, created by Terry Nation, realized by Raymond Cusick<br />
*1964 November <br />
**12 ''Doctor Who in an Exciting Adventure with the Daleks'', by David Whitaker after Terry Nation, first novelization<br />
**14 first comic strip, in ''TV Comic''<br />
*1965 <br />
**August 23 ''Dr. Who and the Daleks'', first film adaptation<br />
**September first Annual<br />
**December 25: only Christmas day episode in the original production<br />
*1966<br />
**February: The Sea Beggar and Priest of Death, only episodes (so far) where the Doctor does not appear in the cast list<br />
**May: change from episode titles to serial titles on screen<br />
**October: first appearance of the Cybermen, created by Dr Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis<br />
**October/November: Hartnell succeeded by Patrick Troughton in title role<br />
*1967<br />
**January 7 The Highlanders Episode 4: up to this point many adventures were historical, not science fiction; this episode was the last purely historical one till 1982<br />
*1968 October 12 The Mind Robber Episode 5, shortest episode (so far), 18 minutes<br />
*1970 various changes<br />
**Jon Pertwee in the title role<br />
**reduced to half the year (previously only fairly short summer holiday)<br />
**in colour<br />
**the Doctor marooned on Earth, gets a job as scientific adviser to UNIT (United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, later renamed UNified Intelligence Taskforce after complaints from the United Nations)<br />
*1971: first appearance of the Master, played by Roger Delgado; he appears throughout the year<br />
*1972/3: to start the 10th season, the BBC run a story called The Three Doctors, bringing back Hartnell (his last acting appearance) and Troughton; at the end of this, the Doctor's exile on Earth is lifted, and UNIT stories start to be phased out<br />
*1974 <br />
**Pertwee succeeded by Tom Baker<br />
**''Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday'' by Terrance Dicks, directed by Mick Hughes, stage play<br />
*1976<br />
**May: Doctor Who Appreciation Society founded<br />
**July: Doctor Who and the Pescatons, first audio<br />
*1978/9: whole season with unifying structure, The Key to Time<br />
*1981 December 28: first television spinoff, K-9 and Company (pilot only)<br />
*1982 changes:<br />
**Baker succeeded by Peter Davison<br />
**programme moved from Saturday to Monday and Tuesday<br />
**similar numbers of episodes fitted into only 3 months<br />
*1983<br />
**October: Revenge of the Cybermen, first video (from 1975)<br />
**November 23/25: 20th anniversary special, The Five Doctors. The late William Hartnell was included in the cast list on the strength of a brief archive sound clip, but was mainly represented by lookalike Richard Hurndall; Baker's appearance was confined to footage from a planned story abandoned owing to industrial action. Eleven companions also appeared: Carole Ann Ford as Susan; Frazer Hines as Jamie; Nicholas Courtney as the Brigadier; Wendy Padbury as Zoe; Caroline John as Liz Shaw; Richard Franklin as Captain Yates; Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith; John Leeson as the voice of K-9; Lalla Ward as Romana; Janet Fielding as Tegan; Mark Strickson as Turlough. Four old enemies also reappear: a Dalek (voice Roy Skelton, operator John Scott Martin); Cybermen (David Banks, Mark Hardy, William Kenton), a Yeti (uncredited) and the Master (Anthony Ainley). This was the first episode prebroadcast elsewhere before its appearance in the series, the longest episode (so far), 90 minutes<br />
*1984 March: Davison replaced by Colin Baker<br />
*1985: programme returns to Saturday, with about half the episodes at twice the length<br />
*1986<br />
**episode length halved, with no compensating increase in number<br />
**this year the entire season was screened as a single serial, The Trial of a Time Lord<br />
**afterwards, Baker was sacked<br />
*1987: Sylvester McCoy as the new Doctor<br />
*1988 October: in the runup to the 25th anniversary, the Doctor revisits Coal Hill School, the scene of much of the very first episode<br />
*1989 <br />
**May: ''The Nightmare Fair'' by Graham Williams, first new novel<br />
**December 6: Survival Part Three, last episode of the original production; series suspended pending finding someone else to produce it in place of the BBC<br />
*1993 <br />
**August/September: The Paradise of Death, first radio story<br />
**November 26/27: for the 30th anniversary and the Children in Need appeal the BBC broadcast a spoof "story", Dimensions in Time, featuring five Doctors (the Bakers, Davison, McCoy and Pertwee) and thirteen companions: Carole Ann Ford (Susan Foreman), Deborah Watling (Victoria Waterfield), Nicholas Courtney (Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart), Caroline John (Liz Shaw), Richard Franklin (Captain Mike Yates), Elisabeth Sladen (Sarah Jane Smith), Louise Jameson (Leela), John Leeson (Voice of K-9), Lalla Ward (Romana), Sarah Sutton (Nyssa), Nicola Bryant (Peri Brown), Bonnie Langford (Melanie) and Sophie Aldred (Ace). They were joined by the cast of EastEnders<br />
*1996 May: second production, an unsuccessful pilot programme by Fox TV, with the BBC as apparently only nominal coproducer; McCoy appears at the start, with Paul McGann as the main star; for the first time the main actors are credited at the start; uniquely (so far), the only title appearing is the programme title (alternatively, it might be interpreted as an episode title with the programme title missing)<br />
*2001 February: Remembrance of the Daleks, first DVD (from 1988)<br />
*2003 November/December: Scream of the Shalka, webcast animation starring Richard E. Grant<br />
*2005 <br />
**March 26: Rose, first episode of the third production, by BBC Wales, with Christopher Eccleston as Doctor Who<br />
**series pattern for the new production is roughly as 1985, with added Christmas specials<br />
**whereas for most of the original production companions travelled with the Doctor from one adventure to the next without returning home, except sometimes at the end of their stint, now they return home frequently, having home adventures intermixed with travelling ones; the nearest parallel in the original production was the later UNIT period<br />
**at the end of the series Eccleston replaced by David Tennant<br />
*2006 October 22: Torchwood, first successful television spinoff, starts<br />
*2007 <br />
**May/June: first television story adapted from an earlier publication, ''Human Nature'' by Paul Cornell, 1995<br />
**June 9: first appearance of the Weeping Angels<br />
*2009: no regular series this year, only three specials<br />
*2010: Tennant succeeded by Matt Smith<br />
*2011: 11-week break in mid-season<br />
*2012/13: season split between two years, with Christmas special between<br />
*2013 November 23: 50th anniversary special, The Day of the Doctor, including 13 or 14 Doctors: Smith is joined by Tennant, and by John Hurt, revealed as a Doctor between McGann and Eccleston; all the earlier Doctors appear on the cast list on the strength of brief archive clips; the next Doctor, Peter Capaldi, also appears briefly, without credit; and Tom Baker returns as the Curator, who hints he is a future Doctor who looks like a past one<br />
*2013/14: Capaldi replaces Smith<br />
*2015 November 28: Heaven Sent, shortest episode cast list, 3<br />
*2016: another year off, with only a Christmas special<br />
*2017/18: Capaldi succeeded by Jodie Whittaker, the first female Doctor<br />
*2018: <br />
**programme moves to Sunday<br />
**season reduced to 10 episodes, but lengthened to 50 minutes<br />
*2019: another year off, with only a New Year special in place of 2018 Christmas special<br />
*2020: series starts on New year's Day, a Wednesday, but continues thereafter on Sundays<br />
*2021: after New Year special, 6-episode season broadcast; for the first time, screen captions included serial title (Flux) and episode numbers and titles<br />
*2022: 3 specials to end Whitaker tenure; the last of these, to celebrate the BBC's centenary, includes 7 other Doctors (David Bradley for Hartnell, Davison, Colin Baker, McCoy, McGann, and Tennant, into whom Whitaker regenerates, and Jo Martin, an incarnation not mentioned until recently), 8 companions (Ian, Jo Jones, formerly Grant (Katy Manning), Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding), Melanie Bush (Bonnie Langford), Ace (Sophie Aldred), Graham O'Brien (Bradley Walsh), Yasmin Khan (Mandip Gill) and Dan Lewis (John Bishop)) and 3 old enemies (Daleks (operated by Barnaby Edwards and Nicholas Pegg), Cybermen (Simon Carew, Jon Davey, Chester Durrant, Mickey Lewis, Felix Young, Richard Price, Andrew Cross and Matt Doman), both voiced by Nicholas Briggs, and the Master (Sacha Dhawan)); this episode has the longest cast list so far, 37<br />
*2023: 4 specials, first 3 starring Tennant; in the course of the last one, the Doctor splits in two: Tennant retires at the end of the episode, leaving Ncuti Gatwa to be the new Doctor in the fourth and therafter<br />
*2024: 8-episode series</div>Peter jacksonhttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Authorized_VersionAuthorized Version2024-03-13T11:32:09Z<p>Peter jackson: /* Complete texts (including Apocrypha */</p>
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<div>The '''Authorized Version''', '''King James Version''', '''King James Bible''' or '''Authorized King James Version''' is an English translation of the [[Bible]] commissioned by King James I of England (James VI of Scotland) and first published in 1611. It is in a sense the official Bible of the Church of England. For about three centuries it was ''the'' English Protestant Bible, and may well still be the most read translation. Its literary qualities have been widely praised, even by some unbelievers.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
<br />
The original 1611 title reads as follows:<br />
<br />
"THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning the Old Testament, AND THE NEW: Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues: & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised, by his Maiesties speciall Cõmandement."<br />
<br />
As can be seen, there is no specific title for this particular translation. Over the centuries it was occasionally referred to by various names or descriptions, but its effective monopoly meant that such identifiers were not really needed and not often used. It was only with the issuing of the Revised Version starting in 1881 that it became common to use an identifying name. It is often said that the title is Authorized Version in Britain, King James Version in America. The reality now, however, seems to be more complicated.<br />
<br />
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the rights in the translation are exercised (on behalf of the Crown) by Oxford and Cambridge University Presses. The latter titles its editions King James Version except for a reprint of a 1909 edition titled Authorised Version. Oxford uses either King James Version or Authorized King James Version, as do (Harper)Collins, who exercise the corresponding rights in Scotland. There are also editions from other publishers licensed by the rights-holders, but it looks like the majority of British editions are called KJV, and most of the others AKJV, with AV rare.<br />
<br />
Dictionaries, on the other hand, seem to depart from the common view in the opposite direction. AV is given as the main name, not only in major British dictionaries (Chambers, Collins, Oxford), but also in major American ones (Merriam-Webster and dictionary.com; American Heritage gives KJB). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that dictionaries tend to give preference to "educated" or "correct" usage, while publishers pitch themselves at the mass market.<br />
<br />
It would seem that Authorized Version is the legal name, at least in Britain where it has legal status. CUP's legal notice at [http://www.cambridge.org/bibles/about/rights-and-permissions/] uses that name, and Halsbury's Laws of England<ref>volume 9(2), 1998 edition, page 12</ref> spells it Authorised Version.<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
The first printed English Bible appeared in 1535.<ref>The first English Bible was translated from Latin by John Wyclif and others in the 1380s but printed only in 1850.</ref> It was translated from German and Latin by Miles Coverdale, making much use of published translations by William Tyndale of the New Testament and some of the Old. A revision of this was produced in 1537 by Thomas Matthew (thought to be a pseudonym of John Rogers), making use of unpublished manuscript translations of more of the Old Testament by Tyndale. This in turn was the basis of a revision by Coverdale published in 1539. This "Great Bible" was authorized by Henry VIII as the source for Bible readings in church. It was replaced in 1568 by the "Bishops' Bible", revised by a group of bishops, for the first time in this sequence of revisions checking against the "original"<ref>strictly speaking, oldest surviving: even in the 16th century it was known or believed that parts of the Bible had been translated from subsequently lost texts</ref> languages. It was the Bishops' Bible that served as the main basis for the AV.<br />
<br />
In 1604 King James held a conference at Hampton Court to discuss various issues facing the Church of England. One decision that came out of this was the commission for this translation. About 50 translators were recruited, grouped in six committees in Oxford, Cambridge and Westminster. The Bible was divided into six corresponding portions. Another committee selected from the translators then revised the final product. Although the AV was a revision of the Bishops' Bible, the translators made much use of the Geneva Bible, and even took some phrasing from the (Roman Catholic) Douai Bible.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
<br />
The 1st edition, published in 1611, included the [[Apocrypha]]. The 16th-century Puritans had included the Apocrypha in their Geneva Bible, but their successors progressively developed a more negative attitude. Even while the AV was being prepared there were some objections to their inclusion. In addition to theological objections, omission of the Apocrypha would reduce printing and distribution costs. From this combination of causes, over the centuries, more and more editions were issued omitting the Apocrypha. One watershed in this process was when, in the 1820s, the Scots bullied the [[Bible Society]] into adopting a rule barring any support for foreign Bible Societies that included the Apocrypha in any of their bibles.<ref>repealed in the 1960s</ref> Nowadays, very few editions still include them (see below for an attempt at a full listing). These, however, now include two reasonably cheap paperbacks, in the Oxford World's Classics and Penguin Classics series. <br />
<br />
In addition to title page and table of contents, the preliminary pages of the 1611 edition comprised dedication to King James, translators' foreword, calendar and lectionary, genealogies, and gazetteer and map. Most modern reprints omit these.<br />
<br />
The 1st edition included marginal notes, and summaries at the beginnings of chapters, and at tops of pages (these latter do not appear in the Apocrypha, where the pageheads just say "Apocrypha"; this seems to be the only indication in the 1611 Bible that the Apocrypha are any different from the rest), which are also omitted from most recent editions. <br />
<br />
Note also that the dates appearing in the margins of many old Bibles (putting the Creation in 4004 BC, for example) are not part of the 1611 Bible but later additions.<br />
<br />
==Text==<br />
<br />
Strictly speaking it might be said that there is no such thing as "the" Authorized Version. Even copies of the original 1611 issue differ, owing to the way printing was organized at that period. For example, in one passage copies vary between "him" and "them". In 1611 spelling was arbitrary: [[Shakespeare]] didn't even spell his own name consistently, and compositors regularly adjusted spelling to justify lines. Different spellings of the same word can be found in close proximity in the 1st edition. Furthermore, the 1611 Bible was written in a 24-letter alphabet, with i/j and u/v as positional variants only (note for example "reuised" and "Maiesties" in the title quoted above). <br />
<br />
A second printing in the same year changed "he" to "she" in one passage, along with many other changes. Similar changes were made in other early editions issued by the King's Printers (for England; the first Scottish edition did not appear until 1633). By the end of 1613, 11 printings had already been issued. Such changes were intended to correct what were considered misprints; they were usually but not always correct in their judgments; there is evidence that they consulted translators in some cases, but translators' notes rediscovered in modern times show that some of the readings they "corrected" were intended by the translators. <br />
<br />
After a court case established the universities' rights to issue their own bibles, Cambridge started to exercise that right. The 1629 Cambridge edition made more changes than any other in the evolution of the standard text. For example, in a number of passages where the 1611 text had translated freely, giving a literal version in a note, the literal version replaced the free one, and some other "corrections" were made. The modern 26-letter alphabet was used for the first time. Another Cambridge edition appeared in 1638, continuing this process. It became the standard text for over a century. <br />
<br />
Eventually the text was largely standardized in the 1760s, with Parris's Cambridge edition of 1760, and Blayney's Oxford edition of 1769, which largely followed it. These editions continued the process of making the translation more literal. Spelling was standardized, something that was happening in the English language generally over the same period. Also made consistent was the use of 2nd-person plural pronouns, with "ye" for nominative and vocative, "you" for accusative and dative. The language was partially updated, with some obsolete words ("sith", "sithen") removed, and "it" as genitive changed to "its". Most modern editions are based on the 1769 text, though not identical to it. The current Oxford text has a few dozen differences from it, and the Cambidge text has a few differences from the Oxford one, now confined to the Apocrypha after Cambridge removed the last of its differences elsewhere in 1985. The traditional American text differs rather more, changing the spelling of some proper names and continuing the partial updating of the English rather more (e.g. "astonied" to "astonished"). It was compiled by the American Bible Society in the middle of the 19th century, and mostly uses 19th-century spelling, as against the 18th-century spelling of the standard British editions. <br />
<br />
A new edition appeared in 1873, the ''Cambridge Paragraph Bible'', edited by F.H.A. Scrivener. This took its name from its abandonment of the original format in numbered prose "verses" in favour of a modern arrangement in paragraphs of prose and lines of poetry.<ref>The distinction is not always straightforward. Modern Bibles differ on whether the book of Proverbs is set as poetry or prose.</ref> It significantly changed the text as well as the format; like earlier editors, Scrivener felt free to change what he regarded as mistakes by the translators, not just the printers. It was recently adopted as the basis for Zondervan's KJV.<br />
<br />
David Norton's ''New Cambridge Paragraph Bible'' of 2005 is not a revision of Scrivener, though it has similarities. Its objective is to undo all editorial changes from 1611 on, to reconstruct what the translators intended to be printed by comparing surviving copies and translators' notes, and then to carry out a partial update of the English. For example, the weak past tense "digged" is replaced by the strong form "dug". On the other hand, other archaisms, such as "thou", are retained. As "thou" went out of standard English usage<ref>It survives to this day in some dialects</ref> in the 17th century and "dug" is not recorded before the 18th, the NCPB seems to be written in a form of the language that was never standard English at any point in history. Spelling is fully updated. He classifies "digged" to "dug" as a spelling change, for example, though others might call it a change of grammatical form; Norton claims to be making only the former throughout, never the latter.<br />
<br />
==Religious status==<br />
<br />
There is in fact no surviving documentation to prove this translation was ever actually officially "authorized". However, the Privy Council records for this period are lost, so the negative can also not be proved. Certainly the Church of England behaved as if it had been so authorized, using it for scripture readings in church services. The 1662 revision of the ''Book of Common Prayer'' used it for its scripture quotations. In practice the AV came to be regarded as the official Bible of the Church of England, and in some sense still is. As an official document of the state religion it is crown copyright, though of course this has no force in other countries. The Sovereign is presented with a copy of it at the coronation (including the Apocrypha).<br />
<br />
However, in 1965, Parliament authorized some alternative services, and in 1974 it repealed the main parts of the Acts of Uniformity (both changes at the request of the Church), so that use of the BCP is no longer obligatory, and its use has declined to about 3% (though this includes most cathedral services); use of the AV has declined along with it. In practice, then, its main public religious use is now outside the Church of England, among some churches of a more or less fundamentalist inclination, mainly in the USA, but also including the church founded by the late Ian Paisley in Northern Ireland. Some of these groups, in practice, sometimes even in theory, treat the KJV as itself infallible<ref>An extreme example is a body calling itself the Trinitarian Bible Society of Australia, which holds that a particular edition of the AV published by CUP around 1900 is God's final, absolute, perfect and infallible Word to humanity, superseding all other Bibles in all languages, and everyone in the world should learn Shakespearean English to study it.</ref> (though not of course the Apocrypha, of whose very existence they are often unaware).<br />
<br />
==Literary aspects==<br />
<br />
The AV displaced the Geneva Bible in popularity in a few decades, but took longer to win over literary critics. By the 1760s, however, the Bible and Shakespeare were "canonized" as the two Great Books in English. This is still true to some extent; see for example [[Desert Island Discs]]. Even the atheist writer Philip Pullman has supported the teaching of the AV in schools for its poetic language. On the other hand the Christian critic [[C.S. Lewis]] said there was nothing particularly special about this translation, that its literary qualities were largely derived from the originals, and that any good translation would be about as good. The Christian poet [[T.S. Eliot]] held a similar position.<br />
<br />
In response to the question of how a committee process could produce great literature, it has been argued that despite all the revisions the AV is mainly the work of Tyndale and Coverdale. However, figures for the contributions of different translations vary widely.<br />
<br />
The AV translates a good deal more literally than most modern versions (perhaps they had more faith in God's ability to make his meaning clear as and when he thought fit). The result is inevitably not idiomatic English a lot of the time, though some literal translations have become adopted into the language, e.g. "gave up the ghost".<br />
<br />
The translation was made from Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Aramaic, from prose and poetry, etc., but it was put into a uniform format of numbered prose "verses" and a fairly uniform style of English. It has been suggested this was a deliberate policy to present an appearance of unity in the Bible.<br />
<br />
==Later derivatives==<br />
<br />
In the late 19th century the Church of England commissioned the Revised Version, which was prepared by a variety of scholars from various Protestant churches in Britain and America. There were some disagreements across the Atlantic, and a separate American Standard Version was published. The US copyright in this was held by the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA,<ref>Like the World Council of Churches, this represents only about a quarter of church membership, mainly "moderate" Protestants but also Eastern Orthodox</ref> which commissioned a revision. This Revised Standard Version appeared in the middle of the 20th century, and was the first to make a real dent in the AV market share.<ref>The AV was eventually displaced as best-selling version by the New International Version in the late 1980s, but is still the most popular(John Sutherland, ''A Little History of Literature'', Yale, 2013, page 47; [http://www.raac.iupui.edu/files/2713/9413/8354/Bible_in_American_Life_Report_March_6_2014.pdf]).</ref> It has now been further revised as the New Revised Standard Version, this time including Catholic, Orthodox and Jewish translators.<br />
<br />
A different type of revision, represented for example by the New King James Version, is based, not on correcting the KJV in the light of modern scholarship, but simply on updating its English. The NKJV is effectively just a translation of the KJV into modern English, but omitting the Apocrypha.<ref>Perhaps less significant is the ''Queen James Bible'', produced in America in 2012, which alters passages offensive to homosexuals.</ref><br />
<br />
==Some useful information==<br />
<br />
Most editions follow certain typographical conventions:<br />
<br />
*Typographical distinctions, usually italic, are used to indicate words that are not present in the original but are added to make sense in English. This was done very inconsistently in 1611, but later editors tried to improve this. The NCPB abandons the practice.<br />
*Capital letters are used for LORD (or occasionally GOD) when it translates the [[Tetragrammaton]].<ref>In four places AV transcribes the Tetragrammaton as JEHOVAH.</ref><br />
<br />
The 1611 edition, followed by most subsequent ones, omits to explain these to the reader, which seems to defeat the object of providing this information.<br />
<br />
==Complete texts (including Apocrypha)==<br />
<br />
In each textual family books in print are listed first, followed by internet versions.<br />
<br />
*1611 textual family<br />
**photographic replica: [http://www.greatsite.com/facsimile-reproductions/kingjames-1611.html]<br />
**''The Authorised Version of the English Bible 1611'', 5 volumes (available separately), Cambridge University Press, originally published 1909, transcribed from an original copy, corrected from two others: [http://www.cambridge.org/bibles/bible-versions/king-james-version/text-editions/authorised-version-english-bible-1611/]<br />
**400th-anniversary edition (source(s) unspecified), Oxford University Press: [http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199557608.do]; this edition carefully preserves the original misprints, including upside-down letters<br />
**Hendrickson 400th-anniversary edition: [https://www.hendricksonrose.com/p/kjv-bible-1611-edition/9781565638082]<br />
**Nelson 400th-anniversary edition: [http://www.amazon.com/Bible-James-Version-Commemorative-Edition/dp/1418544175/ref=pd_sxp_grid_pt_1_2], [http://www.amazon.com/KJV-1611-Bible-NKJV-Commemorative/dp/1418544183/ref=pd_sxp_grid_pt_2_2]<br />
**searchable online transcript from unspecified source(s): [http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611-Bible/]<br />
**images of original copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405233640/http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksnew/index.cfm?TextID=kjbible&PagePosition=1]<br />
**images of copy of 2nd printing: [http://www.bibles-online.net/1611/]<br />
*1769 textual family<br />
**Cambridge text: [https://www.cambridge.org/bibles/all-titles/kjv-cameo-reference-bible-apocrypha-black-calfskin-leather-red-letter-text-kj455xra?format=BG], [https://www.cambridge.org/bibles/all-titles/kjv-lectern-bible-apocrypha-black-goatskin-leather-over-boards-kj986xab?format=BG]; as Cambridge holds the licence as King's Printer of Bibles for England this might be considered the "official" Church of England text<br />
**Oxford World's Classics edition, omits marginal notes: [http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199535941.do]<br />
**Norton critical edition: [https://www.wwnorton.co.uk/books/9780393347043-the-english-bible-king-james-version]; includes notes on archaic words and meanings; Cambridge text<br />
**searchable online Oxford text: [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/k/kjv/browse.html]<br />
*1873 textual family<br />
**''Cambridge Paragraph Bible'': [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeparagra00scri]<br />
*2005 textual family<br />
**''New Cambridge Paragraph Bible'', 2011 revision: [http://www.cambridge.org/bibles/all-titles/new-cambridge-paragraph-bible-apocrypha-kj590ta-personal-size?format=HB]; electronic version [https://www.logos.com/product/24557/the-new-cambridge-paragraph-bible-with-the-apocrypha-rev-ed]<br />
**Penguin Classics edition, using the 2005 text with some corrections, and omitting the marginal notes: [https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/60401/the-bible/]<br />
*unspecified<br />
**[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Holy-Bible-James-Version-Apocrypha/dp/1480007889/ref=sr_1_14?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1412326161&sr=1-14&keywords=apocrypha]<br />
**[http://www.amazon.ca/James-Bible-Apocrypha-Christopher-Baird-ebook/dp/B004L62CQY/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1413479857&sr=1-1&keywords=apocrypha] (Kindle)<br />
**[http://www.biblestudytools.com/apocrypha/kjva/]<br />
<br />
The number of editions without Apocrypha is enormous. Nearly all belong to the 1769 textual family.<br />
<br />
==Books about the Authorized Version==<br />
<br />
*Harold Bloom, ''The Shadow of a Great Rock: a Literary Appreciation of the King James Bible'', Yale University Press, 2011<br />
*Benson Bobrick: ''The Making of the English Bible'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001<br />
*Melvyn Bragg: ''The Book of Books: the Radical Impact of the King James Bible 1611–2011'', Hodder & Stoughton, 2011<br />
*David G. Burke, John F. Kutsko, & Philip H. Towner (eds), ''The King James Version at 400: Assessing Its Genius As Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence'', Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 2013: [http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061126P-front.pdf]<br />
*Gordon Campbell: ''Bible: the Story of the King James Version 1611–2011'', Oxford University Press, 2010<br />
*David Crystal: ''Begat: the King James Bible and the English Language'', 978-0-19-958585-4, Oxford University Press, 2010 <br />
*Hannibal Hamlin & Norman W. Jones (eds): ''The King James Bible after 400 Years: Literary, Linguistic, and Cultural Influences'', Cambridge University Press, 2010<br />
*David Lyle Jeffrey (ed), ''The King James Bible and the World It Made'', Baylor University Press, Waco, 2011<br />
*Alister McGrath: ''In the Beginning: the Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language and a Culture'', Hodder & Stoughton, 2001<br />
*Helen Moore & Julian Reid, eds: ''Manifold Greatness: the Making of the King James Bible'', Bodleian Library, 2011<br />
*Adam Nicolson: ''Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible''/''God's Secretaries: the Making of the King James Bible''/''When God Spoke English: the Making of the King James Bible'', Harper, 2003 [variant titles in different editions]<br />
*David Norton: <br />
**''The Textual History of the King James Bible'', Cambridge University Press, 2005<br />
**''The King James Bible: a Short History from Tyndale to Today'', Cambridge University Press, 2011<br />
*Gustavus S. Paine, ''The Learned Men'', 1959; reissued as ''The Men behind the King James Version'', Baker, 1977<br />
*F.H.A. Scrivener, ''The Authorized Version of the English Bible (1611): Its Subsequent Reprints and Modern Representations'', Cambridge University Press, 1884 (still in print)<br />
*Philip C. Stine, ''Four Hundred Years on the Best Seller List'', [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Four-Hundred-Years-Best-Seller-ebook/dp/B0087IDZBS/ref=sr_1_38?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1412326632&sr=1-38&keywords=apocrypha] (Kindle)<br />
*Derek Wilson, ''The People's Bible: the Remarkable History of the King James Version'', Lion, 2010<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Peter jacksonhttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_(United_Kingdom)Supreme Court (United Kingdom)2024-03-11T10:55:56Z<p>Peter jackson: /* Jurisdiction */ delete contribution by someone else on Citizendium</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Supreme Court of the [[United Kingdom]]''' is, roughly speaking, the highest court in the land. It came into existence on 1 October 2009, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. It continues, with some modifications, the appellate jurisdiction of the [[House of Lords]].<br />
<br />
==Jurisdiction==<br />
<br />
The Supreme Court hears appeals from most courts, directly or indirectly. There are exceptions:<br />
<br />
*the High Court of Justiciary: Scottish criminal cases<br />
*the (Judicial Committee of the) Privy Council, which hears appeals on various matters:<br />
**various [[Church of England]] matters<br />
**various Admiralty courts<br />
**the High Court of Chivalry (in theory; in practice, apart from one case in the 1950s, this court has been defunct since the 18th century)<br />
**some professional disciplinary rulings<br />
**claims that someone elected to the House of Commons is disqualified<br />
*disciplinary decisions by either house of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]: these can be against anyone other than heads of state, accredited diplomats and members of the other house, and in theory could extend to committal to the Tower<ref>The Tower of Westminster Palace, not the Tower of London</ref> for the remainder of the session (this has not been done since the 19th century)<br />
*disputes over succession to [[Peerage|peerages]]<br />
*impeachment, where the House of Commons prosecutes someone and the House of Lords acts as a court; no such prosecution has been brought for more than two centuries, though some MPs have proposed such in recent times<br />
*Acts of Parliament that have the effect of judicial rulings; for example, in former times it was not uncommon for Parliament to pass an Act of Attainder declaring someone guilty of a crime (usually high treason); this has not been done for centuries; more recently, Parliament granted divorces in England<ref>In Scotland divorce became legal at the Reformation.</ref> till delegating that to a court in 1857<br />
<br />
In at least some such cases, however, the Supreme Court can hear applications claiming a court's procedure or decision violates human rights. Similarly, applications can be made to the European Court of Human Rights against the Supreme Court's own decisions, though ECHR rulings do not take direct effect.<br />
<br />
In theory, any Supreme Court decision may be appealed to the "High Court of Parliament". That is, on petition of a dissatisfied party, or of its own motion, Parliament may pass an act overturning a court decision. It may do so on a point of law, declaring that the law was not what the court said it was (as distinct from changing the law for future cases). Thus in 1689 Parliament overturned the court ruling in the case of Godden v. Hales that the King had power to grant a dispensation from the Act requiring officers to belong to the Church of England. Alternatively, Parliament may vary the judgment in a particular case. For example, in 1903 it changed a court judgment about the control of church funds in a dispute between two factions within a church, and in the 1970s it reduced penalties imposed on local councillors for wasting public money.<br />
<br />
==Constitution==<br />
<br />
The Court comprises 12 judges, appointed nominally by the Monarch, in practice by the Lord Chancellor. They will not all sit on any given case, and in fact an odd number will do so to avoid tied votes.<br />
<br />
==Notes==</div>Peter jacksonhttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Collected_editions_of_ShakespeareCollected editions of Shakespeare2024-03-05T11:40:12Z<p>Peter jackson: Created page with " Many hundreds of '''collected editions of Shakespeare''' have been published.<ref>By 1910, about 1200 editions had been published: William Jaggard, ''Shakespeare Bibliography'', Shakespeare Press, Stratford-on-Avon, 1911, page 495</ref> This article can therefore cover only a selection, though this includes all 17th-century and most 18th-century editions. ==Seventeenth century== The first collected edition of Shakespeare is customarily called the Shakespeare's F..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Many hundreds of '''collected editions of Shakespeare''' have been published.<ref>By 1910, about 1200 editions had been published: William Jaggard, ''Shakespeare Bibliography'', Shakespeare Press, Stratford-on-Avon, 1911, page 495</ref> This article can therefore cover only a selection, though this includes all 17th-century and most 18th-century editions.<br />
<br />
==Seventeenth century==<br />
<br />
The first collected edition of [[Shakespeare]] is customarily called the [[Shakespeare's First Folio|First Folio]], after its printing format. The actual title was ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies''. It was edited by his colleagues John Heminge<ref>so spelled there, but various other spellings are found elsewhere</ref> and Henry Condell, and published in 1623, some years after his death. The editors claim that it includes all his plays. They make no mention one way or the other of collaborations with other writers, or of works other than plays. It contains 36 plays, arranged as follows.<br />
<br />
Comedies:<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Tempest]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Two Gentlemen of Verona]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' <br />
* ''[[Measure for Measure]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' <br />
* ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' <br />
* ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' <br />
* ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' <br />
* ''[[As You Like It]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' <br />
* ''[[All's Well That Ends Well]]'' <br />
* ''[[Twelfth Night, or What You Will|Twelfth Night]]'' <br />
* ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' <br />
<br />
Histories:<br />
<br />
* ''[[King John (play)|King John]]'' <br />
* ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry IV, Part 2]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry VI, Part 1]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry VI, Part 2]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'' <br />
* ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' <br />
* ''[[Henry VIII (play)|Henry VIII]]'' <br />
<br />
Tragedies:<br />
<br />
* ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'' <br />
* ''[[Coriolanus (play)|Coriolanus]]'' <br />
* ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' <br />
* ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' <br />
* ''[[Timon of Athens]]'' <br />
* ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' <br />
* ''[[Macbeth]]'' <br />
* ''[[Hamlet]]'' <br />
* ''[[King Lear]]'' <br />
* ''[[Othello]]'' <br />
* ''[[Anthony and Cleopatra]]'' <br />
* ''[[Cymbeline]]''<br />
<br />
The titles listed above are the short forms by which the plays are commonly referred to. Some of them have fuller titles in the First Folio, and in some the title given in the table of contents is different from that given at the head of the play itself. Titles of histories and tragedies all include names of characters appearing in them; titles of comedies never do. (Some earlier editions of individual plays do not observe this practice.) The histories are arranged in historical order of the events depicted. The basis for the order of the other plays has not been established.<br />
<br />
About half the plays had been previously published in separate editions (mostly quartos), some of them more than once: some anonymously, others under Shakespeare's name or initials.<br />
<br />
The Second Folio (1632) corrected most of the obvious misprints. The original issue of the Third Folio (1663) was just a further corrected reprint. Their editors emended what they believed to be misprints. They simply used their personal judgment, not having any other sources to refer to. A major change took place in 1664, when 7 more plays were added. All of these had been separately published in Shakespeare's lifetime, and under his name or initials (which were shared with a minor writer named Wentworth Smith):<br />
<br />
*Pericles, Prince of Tyre<br />
*The London Prodigal<br />
*Thomas Lord Cromwell<br />
*Sir John Oldcastle<br />
*The Puritan<br />
*A Yorkshire Tragedy<br />
*Locrine<br />
<br />
The Fourth Folio (1685) was a similar corrected reprint of the 1664 issue.<br />
<br />
==Eighteenth century==<br />
<br />
Nicholas Rowe's edition (6 volumes, 1709) is a corrected edition of the Fourth Folio. It adds Quarto material for Hamlet not in the Folio text, producing a conflated text. Subsequent editors extended this to other plays. Rowe was responsible for much of the apparatus of dramatis personae, acts and scenes. This is sometimes described as the first illustrated edition, including one picture for each play, though the First Folio included a picture of Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
In the following year, a different publisher issued "Volume the Seventh", comprising non-dramatic poems, edited anonymously by Charles Gildon. In 1714, a reissue of Rowe by the original publisher (9 volumes) included these poems as its last volume. They comprise<br />
<br />
*2 long poems, both published under Shakespeare's name in his lifetime<br />
**Venus and Adonis<br />
**Tarquin and Lucrece (now usually known as The Rape of Lucrece)<br />
*numerous short poems, including, rearranged, most of the contents of 2 collections published under Shakespeare's name in his lifetime<br />
**Sonnets<br />
**The Passionate Pilgrim<br />
<br />
[[Alexander Pope]]'s edition (6 volumes, 1723-5) was based on Rowe, but he omitted the 7 plays added in 1664, and the poems, as well as various passages he considered not good enough to be authentic. He rearranged the comedies and tragedies within their categories, and placed King Lear as the first of the histories. Similarly to Rowe, "The Seventh Volume" was issued by a different publisher. A second edition (1728) reprints the original material in 8 volumes, adding a ninth volume of the 7 extra plays. Another reissue of the poems by a different publisher does not seem to have ever been incorporated into this edition.<br />
<br />
Lewis Theobald's edition (7 volumes, 1733) was severely critical of Pope's alterations to the text, though it made conjectural emendations itself. A famous example is in Henry the Fifth, where the account of Falstaff's death ends, in the Folio text, with the line "And a table of green fields", which makes no sense. Theobald suggested changing "table" to "babbled", which, together with the frequent use of "a" to mean "he" in Shakespeare's time, makes sense, and has been followed by many subsequent editions.<br />
<br />
[[Doctor Johnson]]'s edition (8 volumes, 1765) includes only the original 36 plays. This was the first "variorum" edition, giving the readings in various sources. Marvin Spevack found no substantial changes in a sample of text since this edition.<ref> Marvin Spevack, 'The End of Editing Shakespeare', ''Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate'', 6 (1996/97), 78-85</ref> (Later editors suggested further emendations, but none became generally accepted.)<br />
<br />
Edward Capell's edition (10 volumes, 1767-8) was the first to work directly from the original folio and quarto texts, rather than simply revise a previous edition.<br />
<br />
In 1773, George Steevens produced a revision of Johnson's edition (10 volumes). In 1780 the same publisher issued a "Supplement" by Edmond Malone, comprising the following<br />
:<br />
<br />
*poems (now restored to their original published collections)<br />
**Venus and Adonis<br />
**The Rape of Lucrece<br />
**Sonnets<br />
**The Passionate Pilgrim<br />
**A lover's complaint (this had been appended to the first edition of the sonnets)<br />
*the 7 plays added in 1664<br />
<br />
In 1790, Malone produced his own edition (10 volumes), retaining only Pericles from the 1664 plays.<br />
<br />
==Nineteenth century==<br />
<br />
What is commonly known as the First Variorum edition (21 volumes, 1803) was edited by Isaac Reed. It was based on the Johnson-Steevens edition, and included plays only, not poems. An 1813 reprint is known as the Second Variorum.<br />
<br />
The second<ref>The first edition included only selected plays.</ref> edition (6 volumes, 1818) of the Family Shakespeare, edited by Dr Thomas Bowdler, is mainly famous, or notorious, as an expurgated edition. It states openly on its title page that "those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read in a family". Its contents are those of the First Folio.<br />
<br />
The so-called Third Variorum (21 volumes, 1821) was edited by James Boswell, son of Dr Johnson's biographer, but based on Malone's edition, including poems as well as plays.<br />
<br />
In the 1860s Macmillan published two variant editions in parallel, edited by W. G. Clark and W. A. Wright. One is known as the Cambridge Shakespeare (9 volumes, 1863-6). It footnotes the readings of all the early editions, but only occasionally those of later editors. The difference in text between this and the single-volume Globe Shakespeare (1864) occurs where no original source gives an acceptable reading, and there is no consensus on an emendation. In such cases the Cambridge edition gives the reading of its preferred source, with suggested emendations footnoted, while the Globe uses the emendation the editors consider most likely. The editors include the same contents as Malone, except for the addition of a short poem called "The phoenix and the turtle", which had appeared untitled in some 18th centry editions.<br />
<br />
F. J. Furnivall's Leopold Shakespeare (1877) arranged the works in what its editor believed to be the order of writing, and added two plays:<br />
<br />
*The Two Noble Kinsmen, first published in 1634 as by John Fletcher and William Shakespeare (both dead by that date)<br />
*Edward III, published anonymously in 1596.<br />
<br />
==Twentieth century==<br />
<br />
The Stratford Lane edition, originally published in 10 volumes between 1904 and 1907, was reissued as the 1-volume Shakespeare Head edition in 1934. This is currently available in the Wordsworth Classics series. It is arranged in the order its editors thought Shakespeare wrote. <br />
<br />
Peter Alexander's edition (1951) is still in print from Collins. It is arranged traditionally.<br />
<br />
C. J. Sisson's edition (1953?<ref>No date on title or following page. This is the date at end of preface.</ref>) was the first to include the following play in full, though it clearly labels it as only partly by Shakespeare (some editions had included passages believed to be by Shakespeare):<br />
<br />
*Sir Thomas More<br />
<br />
This had been first published, anonymously, in 1844, based on a manuscript thought to date from Shakespeare's time, with a small proportion thought (later, not in 1844) to be in his handwriting.<br />
<br />
The Riverside Shakespeare (not to be confused with an 1883 edition with the same name) was first published in 1974. It rearranges the plays, with a new genre, called romances, added, comprising some plays previously classed as comedies and tragedies. Each genre is arranged chronologically. The Riverside edition is widely used by students.<br />
<br />
The 1986 Oxford edition by Stanley Wells and others made a number of innovations. It rejected the tradition of conflated texts going back to Rowe, arguing that differences between quarto and folio texts were largely due to Shakespeare's rewriting. The edition mainly follows the First Folio as embodying his final thoughts. However, it uses the titles of the separately published editions, The First Part of the Contention of the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster, and The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York and the Good King Henry the Sixth, for Henry VI Parts 2 and 3, and a secondary-source title All Is True for Henry VIII. It also, controversially, restores the original Oldcastle for Falstaff in Henry IV Part 1, on the grounds that Shakespeare changed it for legal, not artistic, reasons (threats from the Oldcastle family), while it retains Falstaff in later plays. It omits parts of The Passionate Pilgrim as not by Shakespeare. It adds The Two Noble Kinsmen and a number of short poems attributed to Shakespeare in 17th-century anthologies, and includes both quarto and folio versions of King Lear, regarding them as two different plays. It lists a number of plays as of joint authorship, and arranges the works in order of writing.<br />
<br />
A 2nd edition of Riverside appeared in 1997, adding Edward III.<br />
<br />
==Twenty-first century==<br />
<br />
The contents and arrangement of the 1-volume edition (2002) of the Pelican Shakespeare are largely traditional, but with some changes: the poems are at the beginning; each genre is arranged chronologically; and Troilus and Cressida, Cymbeline and Pericles are reclassified from tragedy into comedy. This edition collects together separate editions of individual plays originally published over many years, starting in 1956.<br />
<br />
The Royal Shakespeare Company's Complete Works (2007) describes itself as the first new edition (as distinct from facsimiles and transcripts) of the First Folio in about three centuries. The 36 plays are arranged as in the original. The editors correct what they believe to be misprints (but giving the text the benefit of the doubt where possible), modernize spelling and punctuation, tidy up the headings, and add material not in the First Folio in smaller (though not too small) type: at the ends of some plays there are quarto passages omitted in the Folio; at the end of Macbeth there are full texts of songs indicated in the Folio by opening words only;<ref>These full texts are taken from a work of Thomas Middleton where they also appear; it is thought likely that he actually wrote them and that they were added to Macbeth for a revived production after Shakespeare's retirement.</ref> at the end there are Pericles, by Shakespeare and Wilkins, The Two Noble Kinsmen, by Shakespeare and Fletcher, an addition to the manuscript of Sir Thomas More believed to be in Shakespeare's handwriting, and poems (omitting Passionate Pilgrim and Lover's Complaint, but adding a short poem To the Queen, apparently not in any previous edition). <br />
<br />
The 2005 revision of the 1986 Oxford adds Edward III and Sir Thomas More.<br />
<br />
The most recent 1-volume Arden edition (2011), which collects together editions published separately over some decades, arranges the plays alphabetically for ease of finding. Individual editors were allowed to decide for each play which text to follow. Arden seems to be the first edition to include the following play: <br />
<br />
*Double Falsehood<br />
<br />
This was first published in 1728 as an adaptation by Lewis Theobald of a play by Shakespeare. It is now widely believed to be his adaptation of a lost play, Cardenio by Fletcher and Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
David Bevington's edition (7th edition 2013) is arranged similarly to Riverside. This edition is distinctive among recent editions in being the work of a single editor.<ref>since the 3rd edition; the 2nd edition credited him jointly with the editor of the 1st edition, Harden Craig.</ref> He variously chooses folio or quarto for his basic text of different plays.<br />
<br />
The 3rd Norton edition (2015), unlike its predecessors, is an independent edition, not based on Oxford. Unusually for a 1-volume edition, it includes alternative versions of some plays.<br />
<br />
The Oxford Modern Critical Edition by Gary Taylor and others (2016) contains one text of each work included (some works are only partially included). This may be the first edition to include the following play as partly by Shakespeare: <br />
<br />
*Arden of Faversham <br />
<br />
This was first published in 1592, anonymously.<br />
<br />
In deciding between quarto and folio texts, it simply chooses the longer (as a whole, not a conflated text with the longer version of every passage). The works are arranged in order of writing and edited using modern spelling. This edition also includes surviving original musical scores (by composers of Shakespeare's time) for some songs in plays. <br />
<br />
The Oxford Critical Reference Edition by the same editors (2017) is in two volumes, and is arranged in order of preparation of source texts, with those dating to Shakespeare's lifetime in the first volume and posthumous sources in the second. This edition uses the original spelling. Its contents are the same, except for including the whole of Double Falsehood instead of only fragments the editors regard as original.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Peter jacksonhttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Miguel_Jord%C3%A1nMiguel Jordán2024-02-09T22:08:24Z<p>Penarc: /* works */</p>
<hr />
<div>Miguel Jordan (*1942) is a Chilean Agronomist, born in Dresde (Germany) Retired 2017<br />
<br />
==works==<br />
[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-2007-7-815/html Free Radical Scavenging activity]<br />
<br />
Fabiana imbricata [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018052/ SECONDARY METABOLITES]<br />
<br />
Jordan M, Wilken D, Gerth A, Muñoz O. Effect of cellulose wastes upon the growth of Phragmites australis. Int J Phytoremediation. 2008 May-Jun;10(3):195-207.<br />
<br />
[[SCHIZANTHUS]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16427668/ iN VITRO SHOOT AND ROOT ORGANOGENESIS]<br />
<br />
Jordán M. Regeneración in vitro y aplicaciones a través del cultivo de células y tejidos vegetales [In vitro regeneration and applications using vegetable cell and tissue culture]. Arch Biol Med Exp. 1990 Oct;23(2):113-7.<br />
<br />
Jordan M, Velozo J, Sabja AM. Organogenesis in vitro of Nothofagus alpina (P. et E.) Oerst, Fagaceae. Plant Cell Rep. 1996 Jun;15(10):795-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00232232<br />
<br />
[[Gloria Montenegro|Montenegro G]], Jordan M, Aljaro ME. Interactions between chilean matorral shrubs and phytophagous insects. Oecologia. 1980 Jan;45(3):346-349. doi: 10.1007/BF00540203<br />
<br />
and R Acevedo [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325261176_Fortalecimiento_Politicas_de_Investigacion-Septiembre-version1 Fortalecimiento Políticas de Investigación]<br />
<br />
and [[Orlando Muñoz]] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23177443_Effect_of_Cellulose_Wastes_Upon_the_Growth_of_Phragmites_Australis effect of celllose wastes upon the growth of Phragmites australis]<br />
<br />
Jordan, Miguel & Pena, Raul & Osses, Miguel. (2003). Plant colonization of a cellulose mill dump in continuous solid residue refill. Phyton. 177-182.<br />
<br />
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226216785_In_vitro_culture_of_Sophora_toromiro_Papilionaceae_an_endangered_species In vitro culture of sophora toromiro Papilionaceae an endangered species ]</div>Penarchttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Barbara_N_TimmermannBarbara N Timmermann2024-02-09T20:40:27Z<p>Penarc: </p>
<hr />
<div>(*Suffolk)<ref>https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00008</ref><br />
<ref>https://medchem.ku.edu/people/barbara-timmermann</ref><br />
chemist based at University Kansas<br />
==Works==<br />
[https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/55869 editorial:Thematic Issue:Plants polyphenols and health Issue]<br />
<br />
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15666537/ Quinchamalium majus]<br />
<br />
Gu JQ, Eppler CM, Montenegro G, Timmins SD, Timmermann BN. Identification of nematicidal fatty acids and triglycerides from seeds of <u>Jubaea chilensis</u> by GC-EI-MS and chemical transformation methods. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2005 Jul-Aug;60(7-8):527-33<br />
<br />
Valcic Wächter Montenegro<br />
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9167278/<br />
<br />
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711399800567?via%3Dihub G.A. Wächter, S. Valcic, M.L. Flagg, S.G. Franzblau, G. Montenegro, E. Suarez, B.N. Timmermann] 1999, Antitubercular activity of pentacyclic triterpenoids from plants of Argentina and Chile,<br />
Phytomedicine, 6, 5, 341-<br />
<br />
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24314746/ Withanolides from Jaborosa caulescens vat pinnatifida]<br />
<br />
[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-1999-1220/html Flavonoids and triterpenoids of Luma gayana]<br />
<br />
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644062/ lignans from chilean propolis]<br />
<br />
Valcic, Susanne, [[Gloria Montenegro|Montenegro, Gloria]], Mujica, Ana-Maria, Avila, Guacolda, Franzblau, Scott, Singh, Maya P., Maiese, William M. and Timmermann, Barbara N.. "Phytochemical, Morphological, and Biological Investigations of Propolis from Central Chile" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 54, no. 5-6, 1999<br />
<br />
[[Orlando Muñoz]] et al [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11371019/ Propolis from chilean Matorral]<br />
<br />
Melisa Flagg et al.<br />
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031942299003623?via%3Dihub Pentacyclic triterpenes] from <u>chuquiraga ulicina</u><br />
{{refs}}</div>Penarchttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Ricardo_RozziRicardo Rozzi2024-02-08T16:04:37Z<p>Penarc: /* Taxa */</p>
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<div>Chilean philosoph <ref>[https://snowballaspedia.miraheze.org/wiki/Ricardo_Rozzi Ricardo Rozzi]</ref><br />
<ref>[https://snowballaspedia.miraheze.org/wiki/Snowballasdiccionario:Ricardo_Rozzi Ricardo Rozzi] snowballaspedia(es)</ref><br />
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<ref>https://peerj.com/RRozzi/</ref><br />
<gallery>File:22tebValdivia2002.jpg</gallery><br />
==works==<br />
[http://aebioetica.org/revistas/2016/27/91/339.pdf cuadernos de bioética]<br />
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[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9035007/ Quilodrán CS, Sandvig EM, Aguirre F, de Aguilar JR, Barroso O, Vásquez RA, Rozzi R.] 2022 The extreme rainfall gradient of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and its impact on forest bird richness. Biodivers Conserv. 31(2):613-627<br />
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748742/ Prescott SL, Logan AC, Bristow J, Rozzi R, Moodie R, Redvers N, Haahtela T, Warber S, Poland B, Hancock T, Berman B. ]2022 Exiting the Anthropocene: Achieving personal and planetary health in the 21st century. Allergy. 77(12):3498-3512<br />
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37091293/ Rozzi R, Álvarez R, Castro V, Núñez D, Ojeda J, Tauro A, Massardo F.] 2023 Biocultural Calendars Across Four Ethnolinguistic Communities in Southwestern South America. Geohealth. <br />
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[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194745 Crego RD], Jiménez JE, Rozzi R.2018 Potential niche expansion of the American mink invading a remote island free of native-predatory mammals. PLoS One.;13(4):e0194745<br />
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28494086/ Fernández-Martínez MA], Pointing SB, Pérez-Ortega S, Arróniz-Crespo M, Green TGA, Rozzi R, Sancho LG, de Los Ríos A. 2016 Functional ecology of soil microbial communities along a glacier forefield in Tierra del Fuego (Chile). Int Microbiol. 19(3):161-173<br />
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32493944/ Contador T] Gañan M, Bizama G, Fuentes-Jaque G, Morales L, Rendoll J, Simoes F, Kennedy J, Rozzi R, Convey P. 2020 Assessing distribution shifts and ecophysiological characteristics of the only Antarctic winged midge under climate change scenarios. Sci Rep. 3;10(1):9087.<br />
===Taxa===<br />
<big><br />
Aphrastura subantarctica </big>, R Rozzi, CS Quilodrán, E Botero-Delgadillo, RD Crego, C Napolitano, O Barroso, JC Torres-Mura & RA Vásquez<br />
<ref>https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aphrastura_spinicauda_subantarctica</ref><br />
<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-17985-4</ref><br />
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Rozzi R, Quilodrán CS, Botero-Delgadillo E, Napolitano C, Torres-Mura JC, Barroso O, Crego RD, Bravo C, Ippi S, Quirici V, Mackenzie R, Suazo CG, Rivero-de-Aguilar J, Goffinet B, Kempenaers B, Poulin E, Vásquez RA. The Subantarctic Rayadito (Aphrastura subantarctica), a new bird species on the southernmost islands of the Americas. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9418250/ Sci Rep. 2022]<br />
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{{wikidata|Q7322803}}<br />
{{refs}}</div>Penarchttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Vincent_PriessnitzVincent Priessnitz2024-02-08T15:45:44Z<p>Penarc: </p>
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<div>Vincent Priessnitz also called '''Vincent Prießnitz''' (sometimes in German Vinzenz, in English Vincent, in Czech Vincenc (*Oct. 4, 1799 -† Nov. 28, 1851) was a farmer in Gräfenberg (today Lázně Jeseník), Austrian Silesia, who gained fame in the early 1800s by curing many sick people with cold water compresses combined with breathing exercises and diet.<br />
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He is widely considered the founder of modern [[hydrotherapy]]. Priessnitz emphasized remedies such as suitable food, fresh air, exercise, rest and water.<br />
<ref>[https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Priessnitz Dutch Wikipedia]</ref><br />
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{{wikidata|q113077}}</div>Penarchttp://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Juan_J._ArmestoJuan J. Armesto2024-01-17T19:09:04Z<p>Penarc: /* works */</p>
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<div>aka Juan J Armesto Zamudio (†2024) was a Chilean Ecologist.<br />
==works==<br />
Armesto JJ [[Ricardo Rozzi|Rozzi, R]]<br />
Smith-Ramirez C<br />
MKT Arroyo 1998<br />
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242895952_ECOLOGYConservation_Targets_in_South_American_Temperate_Forests/link/5a5a8ad54585154502748c04/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 Science] Conservation targets in South American temperate forests<br />
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Roots Berstein, Muñoz C and J J Armesto<br />
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353904721_Disturbance_and_the_surprising_role_of_ecosystem_engineering_in_explaining_spatial_patterns_of_non-native_plant_establishment Distubance and the surprising roe of ecosystems engineering in explaining spatial patterns of non native plant establishment]<br />
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ROZZI, Ricardo et al. A sentinel for monitoring climate change and its impact on biodiversity at the southern summit of the Americas: The new Cape Horn Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Network. Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) [online]. 2020, vol.48, n.3 [cited 2024-01-17], pp.45-81. Available from: <http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-686X2020000300045&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0718-686X. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-686X2020000300045.<br />
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Perez CA et al.<br />
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aec.12078 Ecosystem development in short-term postglacial chronosequences: N and P limitation in glacier forelands from Santa Inés Island, Magellan Strait]<br />
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Nuñez A, M et al<br />
[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.12148 Decomposing recruitment limitation for an avian-dispersed rain forest tree in an anciently fragmented landscape] J Ecology<br />
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Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Juan J. Armesto, Juan-Carlos Aravena, Martín Carmona, Natalia V. Carrasco, Duncan A. Christie, María-Paz Peña, Cecilia Pérez, Andreas Huth, 2009<br />
Structural and environmental characterization of old-growth temperate rainforests of northern Chiloé Island, Chile: Regional and global relevance, Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 4: 376-388,<br />
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Perez F et al Evolution of autonomous selfing accompanies increased specialization in the pollination system of <u>Schizanthus</u> (Solanaceae) [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.0800306 Amer J Bot]<br />
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{{Wikidata|Q5854776}}<br />
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{{refs}}</div>Penarc