http://en.wikisage.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Lidewij&feedformat=atomWikisage - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T07:14:02ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.41.0http://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Roosmarijn_van_der_Hoek&diff=10616Roosmarijn van der Hoek2021-07-01T13:47:55Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
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<div>'''Roosmarijn van der Hoek''' is a young actress born May 5th, 2006 in Haarlem (Netherlands). She is known for "Mees Kees Langs de Lijn/Mister Twister" (2016), "Het Geheim van Eyck" (2015), "Brammetje Baas/Fidgety Bram" (2012), "Levenslied" (2011) and several other small parts in Dutch tv-series and films such as "Jongens/Boys" (2014), "Aanmodderfakker" (2014), "Prooi/Prey" (2016), "Charlie" (2013), "De Mannen van Dokter Anne" (2016), "Rokjesdag" (2016), "Man in Pak/Man in Suit" (2012), Papadag II (2019) and Verborgen Verhalen/Hidden Stories (2014). She played the role of Milou the oldest daughter in "Bumperkleef/Tailgate" (2019). In "Buiten is het feest/Hidden in the Spotlight" she played the part of Lotte (Sonne's niece). In 2021 she played the role of Demi in tv-series "Mijn Kleine Grote Broer". Later on this year she can be seen in "Herman vermoordt mensen" as young Nathalie on tv. She is taking all kind of courses (acting, singing, dancing, music) to become an all round actress.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoek, Roosmarijn van der}}<br />
[[Category:Dutch actor]]<br />
[[nl:Roosmarijn van der Hoek]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dutch_actor&diff=10615Category:Dutch actor2021-07-01T13:45:02Z<p>Lidewij: Created page with "Category:Dutch person Category:Actor"</p>
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<div>[[Category:Dutch person]]<br />
[[Category:Actor]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Roosmarijn_van_der_Hoek&diff=10614Roosmarijn van der Hoek2021-07-01T13:37:27Z<p>Lidewij: http://nl.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Roosmarijn_van_der_Hoek&oldid=326627 1 jul 2021 11:07 Roosmarijn</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Roosmarijn van der Hoek''' is a young actress born May 5th, 2006 in Haarlem (Netherlands). She is known for "Mees Kees Langs de Lijn/Mister Twister" (2016), "Het Geheim van Eyck" (2015), "Brammetje Baas/Fidgety Bram" (2012), "Levenslied" (2011) and several other small parts in Dutch tv-series and films such as "Jongens/Boys" (2014), "Aanmodderfakker" (2014), "Prooi/Prey" (2016), "Charlie" (2013), "De Mannen van Dokter Anne" (2016), "Rokjesdag" (2016), "Man in Pak/Man in Suit" (2012), Papadag II (2019) and Verborgen Verhalen/Hidden Stories (2014). She played the role of Milou the oldest daughter in "Bumperkleef/Tailgate" (2019). In "Buiten is het feest/Hidden in the Spotlight" she played the part of Lotte (Sonne's niece). In 2021 she played the role of Demi in tv-series "Mijn Kleine Grote Broer". Later on this year she can be seen in "Herman vermoordt mensen" as young Nathalie on tv. She is taking all kind of courses (acting, singing, dancing, music) to become an all round actress.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoek, Roosmarijn van der}}<br />
[[Category:Dutch actor]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hus&diff=7118Walter Hus2018-05-17T19:00:07Z<p>Lidewij: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Walter Hus.jpg|thumb|Walter Hus in May 2009]]<br />
'''Walter Hus''' (born 1959) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] composer and musician<ref>'Walter Hus over het hoe en waarom van componeren', De Morgen,<br />
17 January 2005, http://gpr.me/vgsnk4kzw9/</ref><br />
<br />
Walter Hus studied at the music conservatories in [[Ghent Conservatory|Ghent]] and Brussels. In 1984, he graduated with excellence (''Diplôme supérieur'') for [[piano]] with Prof. Dr. Robert Steyaert and soon became involved with new music in many different expressions. He performed improvised piano recitals (1984: LP ''Eight Etudes on Improvisation''); occasionally flirted with [[free jazz]] (Belgisch Pianokwartet) and rock (Simpletones); collaborated with painters (Michel Thuns) and video artists (Walter Verdin, Marie André).<br />
<br />
He wrote film scores for ''Suite Sixteen'' ([[Dominique Deruddere]]) and ''[[The Pillow Book]]'' ([[Peter Greenaway]])<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0403818/</ref>; toured the world with his ensemble [[Maximalist! (band)|Maximalist]] and wrote and performed for theatre and ballet (amongst others [[Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker]]<ref>'Het stuk dat maar niet verouderd raakt', De Morgen, 16 May 2015, http://gpr.me/hy3kgsd5c0/</ref>, [[Wim Vandekeybus]]<ref>'Met geluid wil ik de stille film eren', Gazet van Antwerpen, 14 January 1999, http://gpr.me/kphv2cqs1a/</ref>, [[Roxanne Huilmand]], [[Needcompany]]<ref>'Met de deurklink in de hand', De Tijd, 23 April 2003, http://gpr.me/kbex1g4anj/</ref>, [[Bud Blumenthal]], Discordia, Beukelaars, Kortekaas, Ritsema).<br />
<br />
From the nineties on, he appeared less on stage and concentrated on composition as his main interest.<br />
<br />
He was commissioned by a number of music institutions and festivals, such as the [[Kaaitheater]] (fr), [[deSingel]] (nl), [[the Beursschouwburg]] (nl), [[Automne en Normandie]] (fr), [[Festival van Vlaanderen]], [[European Capital of Culture|Antwerpen '93]], Happy New Ears, [[Vooruit]], [[Felix Meritis]], [[Hebbel Theater]] and the [[Rode Pomp]] (nl).<br />
<br />
Recent works include four String Quartets ("La Théorie", "Le Désir", "Le Miroir" and "La Folie")<ref>Delaere & Compeers, ''Contemporary Music in Flanders I, Flemish String Quartets since 1950'', Muziekcentrum Vlaanderen / MATRIX, Brussels, 2004, {{ISBN|90-77717-013}}, http://muziekcentrum.kunsten.be/document.php?ID=1769</ref> and their symphonic transcriptions; chamber music for various combinations of instruments; music for choir and wind-ensembles; one Violin Concerto; one Piano Concerto; solo pieces; two song cycle; a children's opera ("de Nacht"); "Orfeo", an opera<ref>Stalpaert, C. and Roy, F.L. and Bousset, S., ''No Beauty for Me There where Human Life is Rare: On Jan Lauwers' Theatre with Needcompany'', Studies in performing arts and film, {{ISBN|9789038210575}}, Academia Press and International Theatre and Film Books, 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
His trilogy of operas ("Meneer, de zot & tkint"<ref>'Kernachtig collectief muziekdrama van Walter Hus', De Standaard, 25 September 2000, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst25092000_037</ref> / "Bloetwollefduivel"<ref>'Driemaal Shakespeares "Macbeth" in Brussel en Rotterdam', De Standaard, 11 April 2001, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst11042001_065</ref> / "Titus Andonderonikustmijnklote"<ref>'Doe-het-zelfopera van Walter Hus', 13 September 2002, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst13092002_056</ref>), lyrics by [[Jan Decorte]], toured in Belgium and other European countries and were described as "masterpieces of stilistic venom [...] flawless little lessons in opera eshthetics"<ref>"Hoe onschuldig zijn drie operaatjes ook mogen lijken, het zijn meesterwerkjes in stilistisch venijn. Hus geeft loepzuivere lesjes in opera-esthetica", in Tom Janssens, 'Not so damned human(istic): Muziektheater volgens vier heren van het gewezen Maximalist!', ETCETERA. Tijdschrift voor podiumkunsten, December 2004, http://theater.uantwerpen.be/etc_pdf/2004-12_jg22_nr94_24-29.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
He composed a cycle of twenty-four preludes and fugues in four volumes, for multiple combinations of instruments. In 2004 he performed Books II & III of ''Preludes and Fugues for 2 pianos'' with pianist/composer [[Frederic Rzewski]].<br />
<br />
In 2012, Hus created an opera based on [[Chris Ware]]'s ''Lint'' ([[Acme Novelty Library]] #20).<ref>'Opera met strips verbinden is subversief', [[De Morgen]], 2 March 2012, http://gpr.me/tq1xy00h1s/</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2004, Walter Hus is artist in residence at [[Namahn]]. Walter Hus' recording studio, featuring a [[Decap organ]], is located in the Namahn spaces.<ref>'Un violoncelle, un accordéon et un orchestre mécanique', [[Le Soir]], 2 November 2017, http://gpr.me/ffx4zt081x/</ref><br />
<br />
In recent years, Hus is best known for his work with the Decap organ. He started transcribing sheet music for Decap's new instruments in the early 2000s and "fell completely in love with the whole instrumentarium and saw far greater potential in it". Decap lent him an instrument, and Hus continues composing for and performing with the organ.<ref>'Belem & the Mekanics bring alive the sound of Decap', Bruzz, 14 November 2017, https://www.bruzz.be/node/106287</ref><ref>'Walter Hus pour le projet Belem & The Mekanics', [[RTBF]] interview, https://www.rtbf.be/auvio/detail_walter-hus-pour-le-projet-belem-the-mekanics?id=2280981</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, Hus composed a Decap version of [[Universal Nation]] for the documentary [[The Sound of Belgium]].<ref>"De Belg neemt in 2014 ook deel aan de documentaire “Sound Of Belgium ", waarvoor hij een aanpaste versie van «Universal Nation» van de electro-trance producer Push, componeerde met zijn DECAP orgel." from http://botanique.be/nl/artiest/walter-hus -- see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5pQTR-ZGM8</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015 he received the [[Ensor Award]] at the [[Oostende International Film Festival]] for his soundtrack to the film ''N-the madness of reason'' by [[peter Krüger (film director)|Peter Krüger]].<ref>'“Waste Land” en “N – The Madness of Reason” grote winnaars van de Ensors', https://www.filmfestivaloostende.be/geen-categorie/waste-land-en-n-the-madness-of-reason-grote-winnaars-van-de-ensors/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* [http://www.composers21.com/compdocs/husw.htm Walter Hus at the Living Composers Project]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official|http://www.walterhus.org }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hus, Walter}}<br />
[[Category:Belgian Composers]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Factory Records artists]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hus&diff=7117Walter Hus2018-05-17T18:57:54Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hus&oldid=841391536 15 May 2018 Mvuijlst</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Walter Hus.jpg|thumb|Walter Hus in May 2009]]<br />
'''Walter Hus''' (born 1959) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] composer and musician<ref>'Walter Hus over het hoe en waarom van componeren', De Morgen,<br />
17 January 2005, http://gpr.me/vgsnk4kzw9/</ref><br />
<br />
Walter Hus studied at the music conservatories in [[Ghent Conservatory|Ghent]] and Brussels. In 1984, he graduated with excellence (''Diplôme supérieur'') for [[piano]] with Prof. Dr. Robert Steyaert and soon became involved with new music in many different expressions. He performed improvised piano recitals (1984: LP ''Eight Etudes on Improvisation''); occasionally flirted with [[free jazz]] (Belgisch Pianokwartet) and rock (Simpletones); collaborated with painters (Michel Thuns) and video artists (Walter Verdin, Marie André).<br />
<br />
He wrote film scores for ''Suite Sixteen'' ([[Dominique Deruddere]]) and ''[[The Pillow Book]]'' ([[Peter Greenaway]])<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0403818/</ref>; toured the world with his ensemble [[Maximalist! (band)|Maximalist]] and wrote and performed for theatre and ballet (amongst others [[Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker]]<ref>'Het stuk dat maar niet verouderd raakt', De Morgen, 16 May 2015, http://gpr.me/hy3kgsd5c0/</ref>, [[Wim Vandekeybus]]<ref>'Met geluid wil ik de stille film eren', Gazet van Antwerpen, 14 January 1999, http://gpr.me/kphv2cqs1a/</ref>, [[Roxanne Huilmand]], [[Needcompany]]<ref>'Met de deurklink in de hand', De Tijd, 23 April 2003, http://gpr.me/kbex1g4anj/</ref>, [[Bud Blumenthal]], Discordia, Beukelaars, Kortekaas, Ritsema).<br />
<br />
From the nineties on, he appeared less on stage and concentrated on composition as his main interest.<br />
<br />
He was commissioned by a number of music institutions and festivals, such as the [[Kaaitheater]] (fr), [[deSingel]] (nl), [[the Beursschouwburg]] (nl), [[Automne en Normandie]] (fr), [[Festival van Vlaanderen]], [[European Capital of Culture|Antwerpen '93]], Happy New Ears, [[Vooruit]], [[Felix Meritis]], [[Hebbel Theater]] and the [[Rode Pomp]] (nl).<br />
<br />
Recent works include four String Quartets ("La Théorie", "Le Désir", "Le Miroir" and "La Folie")<ref>Delaere & Compeers, ''Contemporary Music in Flanders I, Flemish String Quartets since 1950'', Muziekcentrum Vlaanderen / MATRIX, Brussels, 2004, {{ISBN|90-77717-013}}, http://muziekcentrum.kunsten.be/document.php?ID=1769</ref> and their symphonic transcriptions; chamber music for various combinations of instruments; music for choir and wind-ensembles; one Violin Concerto; one Piano Concerto; solo pieces; two song cycle; a children's opera ("de Nacht"); "Orfeo", an opera<ref>Stalpaert, C. and Roy, F.L. and Bousset, S., ''No Beauty for Me There where Human Life is Rare: On Jan Lauwers' Theatre with Needcompany'', Studies in performing arts and film, {{ISBN|9789038210575}}, Academia Press and International Theatre and Film Books, 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
His trilogy of operas ("Meneer, de zot & tkint"<ref>'Kernachtig collectief muziekdrama van Walter Hus', De Standaard, 25 September 2000, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst25092000_037</ref> / "Bloetwollefduivel"<ref>'Driemaal Shakespeares "Macbeth" in Brussel en Rotterdam', De Standaard, 11 April 2001, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst11042001_065</ref> / "Titus Andonderonikustmijnklote"<ref>'Doe-het-zelfopera van Walter Hus', 13 September 2002, http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst13092002_056</ref>), lyrics by [[Jan Decorte]], toured in Belgium and other European countries and were described as "masterpieces of stilistic venom [...] flawless little lessons in opera eshthetics"<ref>"Hoe onschuldig zijn drie operaatjes ook mogen lijken, het zijn meesterwerkjes in stilistisch venijn. Hus geeft loepzuivere lesjes in opera-esthetica", in Tom Janssens, 'Not so damned human(istic): Muziektheater volgens vier heren van het gewezen Maximalist!', ETCETERA. Tijdschrift voor podiumkunsten, December 2004, http://theater.uantwerpen.be/etc_pdf/2004-12_jg22_nr94_24-29.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
He composed a cycle of twenty-four preludes and fugues in four volumes, for multiple combinations of instruments. In 2004 he performed Books II & III of ''Preludes and Fugues for 2 pianos'' with pianist/composer [[Frederic Rzewski]].<br />
<br />
In 2012, Hus created an opera based on [[Chris Ware]]'s ''Lint'' ([[Acme Novelty Library]] #20).<ref>'Opera met strips verbinden is subversief', [[De Morgen]], 2 March 2012, http://gpr.me/tq1xy00h1s/</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2004, Walter Hus is artist in residence at [[Namahn]]. Walter Hus' recording studio, featuring a [[Decap organ]], is located in the Namahn spaces.<ref>'Un violoncelle, un accordéon et un orchestre mécanique', [[Le Soir]], 2 November 2017, http://gpr.me/ffx4zt081x/</ref><br />
<br />
In recent years, Hus is best known for his work with the Decap organ. He started transcribing sheet music for Decap's new instruments in the early 2000s and "fell completely in love with the whole instrumentarium and saw far greater potential in it". Decap lent him an instrument, and Hus continues composing for and performing with the organ.<ref>'Belem & the Mekanics bring alive the sound of Decap', Bruzz, 14 November 2017, https://www.bruzz.be/node/106287</ref><ref>'Walter Hus pour le projet Belem & The Mekanics', [[RTBF]] interview, https://www.rtbf.be/auvio/detail_walter-hus-pour-le-projet-belem-the-mekanics?id=2280981</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, Hus composed a Decap version of [[Universal Nation]] for the documentary [[The Sound of Belgium]].<ref>"De Belg neemt in 2014 ook deel aan de documentaire “Sound Of Belgium ", waarvoor hij een aanpaste versie van «Universal Nation» van de electro-trance producer Push, componeerde met zijn DECAP orgel." from http://botanique.be/nl/artiest/walter-hus -- see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5pQTR-ZGM8</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015 he received the [[Ensor Award]] at the [[Oostende International Film Festival]] for his soundtrack to the film ''N-the madness of reason'' by [[peter Krüger (film director)|Peter Krüger]].<ref>'“Waste Land” en “N – The Madness of Reason” grote winnaars van de Ensors', https://www.filmfestivaloostende.be/geen-categorie/waste-land-en-n-the-madness-of-reason-grote-winnaars-van-de-ensors/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* [http://www.composers21.com/compdocs/husw.htm Walter Hus at the Living Composers Project]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official|http://www.walterhus.org }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hus, Walter}}<br />
[[Category:Belgian composers]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Factory Records artists]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hus&diff=7116Walter Hus2018-05-17T18:55:13Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hus&oldid=716305958 21 April 2016 Mvuijlst 6 April 2009</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Walter Hus.jpg|thumb|Walter Hus in May 2009]]<br />
'''Walter Hus''' (born 1959) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] composer and musician.<br />
<br />
Walter Hus studied at the music conservatories in [[Ghent Conservatory|Ghent]] and Brussels. In 1984, he graduated with excellence (''Diplôme supérieur'') for [[piano]] with Prof. Dr. Robert Steyaert and soon became involved with new music in many different expressions. He performed improvised piano recitals (1984: LP ''Eight Etudes on Improvisation''); occasionally flirted with [[free jazz]] (Belgisch Pianokwartet) and rock (Simpletones); collaborated with painters (Michel Thuns) and video artists (Walter Verdin, Marie André).<br />
<br />
He wrote film scores for ''Suite Sixteen'' ([[Dominique Deruddere]]) and ''[[The Pillow Book]]'' ([[Peter Greenaway]]); toured the world with his ensemble [[Maximalist! (band)|Maximalist]] and wrote and performed for theatre and ballet (amongst others [[Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker]], [[Wim Vandekeybus]], [[Roxanne Huilmand]], [[Needcompany]], [[Bud Blumenthal]], Discordia, Beukelaars, Kortekaas, Ritsema).<br />
<br />
From the nineties on, he appeared less on stage and concentrated on composition as his main interest <br />
<br />
He was commissioned by a number of music institutions and festivals, such as the Kaaitheater (fr), deSingel (nl), the Beursschouwburg (nl), Automne en Normandie (fr), [[Festival van Vlaanderen]], Antwerpen '93, Happy New Ears, [[Vooruit]], [[Felix Meritis]], [[Hebbel Theater]] and the Rode Pomp (nl).<br />
<br />
Recent works include four String Quartets ("La Théorie", "Le Désir", "Le Miroir" and "La Folie") and their symphonic transcriptions; chamber music for various combinations of instruments; music for choir and wind-ensembles; one Violin Concerto; one Piano Concerto; solo pieces; two song cycle; a children's opera ("de Nacht"); "Orfeo", an opera.<br />
<br />
His trilogy of operas ("Meneer, de zot & tkint" / "Bloetwollefduivel" / "Titus Andonderonikustmijnklote"), lyrics by [[Jan Decorte]], toured in Belgium and other European countries.<br />
<br />
He composed a cycle of twenty-four preludes and fugues in four volumes, for multiple combinations of instruments. In 2004 he performed Books II & III of ''Preludes and Fugues for 2 pianos'' with pianist/composer [[Frederic Rzewski]].<br />
<br />
Since 2004, Walter Hus is artist in residence at [[Namahn]]. Walter Hus' recording studio, featuring a [[Decap organ]], is located in the Namahn spaces.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* {{Official|http://www.walterhus.org }}<br />
* [http://www.composers21.com/compdocs/husw.htm Walter Hus at the Living Composers Project]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hus, Walter}}<br />
[[Category:Belgian composers]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Factory Records artists]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sheehan&diff=7052Mark Sheehan2018-04-07T18:31:46Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float:right;"<br />
|<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --><br />
| name = Mark Sheehan<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = The Script Perform Live<br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| birth_name = Mark Anthony Sheehan<br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|10|29}}<br />
| origin = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| instrument = [[Singing|vocals]], guitar<br />
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], record producer<br />
| years_active = 1998–present<br />
| label = [[Sony Music Entertainment]] <br />
| associated_acts = [[Mytown]], [[The Script]]<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
'''Mark Anthony Sheehan''' (born 29 October 1976) is an [[Irish people|Irish]] singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer. From 1996 to 2001, he was a member of the band [[Mytown]], and since 2001, he has been the [[guitarist]] for [[alternative rock]] band [[The Script]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sheehan was born in Mount Brown in [[The Liberties]] area of [[Dublin]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He was formerly a member of boyband [[Mytown]], along with his current bandmate, [[Danny O'Donoghue]], who were managed by Eamonn Maguire, and who were signed to Universal Records in New York. Both Sheehan and O'Donoghue were involved in the production of two tracks featured on the [[Peter André]] album ''[[The Long Road Back]]'' under the name ''M.A.D Notes''<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/M.A.D+Notes M.A.D Notes Discography at Discogs]. Discogs.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-21.</ref> before pursuing their own careers as musicians.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He is married to Rina Sheehan, and they have three children together named Cameron, Avery and Lila.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166344<br />
{{The Script}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheehan, Mark}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Irish guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:Irish singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Dublin (city)]]<br />
[[nl:Mark Sheehan]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Mytown&diff=7051Mytown2018-04-07T18:29:16Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float:right;"<br />
|<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Mytown<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| landscape = yes<br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| alias = <br />
| origin = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| years_active = 1996–2001 <br />
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<br />
| label = [[Universal Records|Universal]] (former)<br />
| associated_acts = [[The Script]] <br />
| website = <br />
| current_members = <br />
| past_members = [[Danny O'Donoghue]] <br /> [[Mark Sheehan]] <br /> Terry Daly <br /> Paul Walker <br />Tony Dunne}}<br />
|}<br />
'''Mytown''' was an Irish [[boy band]] formed in 1996 by members Danny O'Donoghue, Mark Sheehan, Terry Daly and Paul Walker.<ref>[http://www.hiponline.com/2558/mytown-interview.html Hip Online: Mytown – Interview]</ref> They released one album, the epomynous ''[[Mytown (album)|Mytown]]'' and had a number of singles before splitting up in 2001. Two of the prominent members of the band, namely [[Danny O’Donoghue]] and Mark Sheehan went on to form the pop rock band [[The Script]] alongside Glen Power. The band members co-wrote their debut album.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The band was first established in 1996, when Tony Dunne quit a successful boxing career. Dunne was friends with Louis Walsh who put him in touch with Paul Walker. After a few meetings, Dunne and Walker recruited Mark Sheehan, who at the time was teaching hip-hop dancing at the now defunct Digges Lane performing arts school in [[Dublin]]. Sheehan introduced his friend Terry Daly; they decided that he would be perfect for the band. After touring around Ireland and England, they played a showcase at the Mobius TV Studios, owned by Eamonn Maguire who was an old friend of Sheehan's. Maguire started to manage the band and after a short time had mortgaged his house, left his position as C.E.O. of The Mobius Group and started managing the band full-time. Maguire secured a coveted showcase at the EAT'M Conference in Las Vegas and in May 1998 the band flew out and successfully showcased at the MGM Grand there. Their lawyer, the most influential lawyer in music, [[Ken Hertz]] along with Maguire started negotiating one of the biggest deals in pop history for a new band. After the showcase in Vegas, the band flew back to Dublin where immediately Tony Dunne left the band and Sheehan introduced a friend of his, Danny O'Donoghue, to Maguire. Within a week of this meeting, O'Donoghue had joined the band and they flew to New York for their second showcase where they played for the famous [[Doug Morris]], who turned to Maguire halfway through the first song and said "Welcome to the Universal Family". This was the start of the recording career of Mytown.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the band were signed to [[Universal Records]], they began harmonizing and writing songs together. Their debut single, "Do It Like This", was released in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] in March 1997, to moderate success. They then began writing their debut album with several well-known producers, including [[Teddy Riley]], [[Rick Nowels]], [[Billy Steinberg]], Wanya Morris of [[Boyz II Men]] and [[Andy Whitmore]]. Apart from the two cover versions, the entire set of their debut album was co-written by Sheehan, Daly and O'Donoghue, and Eamonn Maguire served as executive producer. In 1999, the band began promoting the album, releasing the single "Body Bumpin'" in the [[United States]], the second single "Now That I Found You" in the [[United States]] and [[Australia]], and "Party All Night", which was released worldwide. Although the album was planned for release worldwide, both the British and Irish releases never saw the light of day due to an internal struggle within Universal Records in the US. When Cherry Entertainment was dropped as a label on Universal, Mytown were released from their contract and the band decided to pursue their own individual paths. Years later, Sheehan and O'Donoghue met drummer Glen Power, and [[The Script]] was born.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
<br />
===Albums===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Year<br />
! Album details<br />
! colspan="1" |Chart positions<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| '''''[[Mytown (album)|Mytown]]'''''<br />
* Release date: 23 May 2000 <br />
* Label: [[Universal Music Group]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Singles===<br />
*1997: "Do It Like This" (Ireland only release)<br />
*1999: "Party All Night" (UK #22)<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/mytown/ Official Charts, Mytown]</ref><br />
*1999: "Body Bumpin'"<br />
*2000: "[[Now That I Found You]]"<br />
*2000: "Party All Night" (re-release)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{The Script}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mytown}}<br />
[[Category:Irish boy bands]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Mytown&diff=7050Mytown2018-04-07T18:28:11Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mytown&oldid=781267871 20 May 2017 Werldwayd 11 July 2011 </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float:right;"<br />
|<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Mytown<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| landscape = yes<br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| alias = <br />
| origin = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| years_active = 1996–2001 <br />
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<br />
| label = [[Universal Records|Universal]] (former)<br />
| associated_acts = [[The Script]] <br />
| website = <br />
| current_members = <br />
| past_members = [[Danny O'Donoghue]] <br /> [[Mark Sheehan]] <br /> Terry Daly <br /> Paul Walker <br />Tony Dunne}}<br />
|}<br />
'''Mytown''' was an Irish [[boy band]] formed in 1996 by members Danny O'Donoghue, Mark Sheehan, Terry Daly and Paul Walker.<ref>[http://www.hiponline.com/2558/mytown-interview.html Hip Online: Mytown – Interview]</ref> They released one album, the epomynous ''[[Mytown (album)|Mytown]]'' and had a number of singles before splitting up in 2001. Two of the prominent members of the band, namely [[Danny O’Donoghue]] and Mark Sheehan went on to form the pop rock band [[The Script]] alongside Glen Power. The band members co-wrote their debut album.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The band was first established in 1996, when Tony Dunne quit a successful boxing career. Dunne was friends with Louis Walsh who put him in touch with Paul Walker. After a few meetings, Dunne and Walker recruited Mark Sheehan, who at the time was teaching hip-hop dancing at the now defunct Digges Lane performing arts school in [[Dublin]]. Sheehan introduced his friend Terry Daly; they decided that he would be perfect for the band. After touring around Ireland and England, they played a showcase at the Mobius TV Studios, owned by Eamonn Maguire who was an old friend of Sheehan's. Maguire started to manage the band and after a short time had mortgaged his house, left his position as C.E.O. of The Mobius Group and started managing the band full-time. Maguire secured a coveted showcase at the EAT'M Conference in Las Vegas and in May 1998 the band flew out and successfully showcased at the MGM Grand there. Their lawyer, the most influential lawyer in music, [[Ken Hertz]] along with Maguire started negotiating one of the biggest deals in pop history for a new band. After the showcase in Vegas, the band flew back to Dublin where immediately Tony Dunne left the band and Sheehan introduced a friend of his, Danny O'Donoghue, to Maguire. Within a week of this meeting, O'Donoghue had joined the band and they flew to New York for their second showcase where they played for the famous [[Doug Morris]], who turned to Maguire halfway through the first song and said "Welcome to the Universal Family". This was the start of the recording career of Mytown.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the band were signed to [[Universal Records]], they began harmonizing and writing songs together. Their debut single, "Do It Like This", was released in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] in March 1997, to moderate success. They then began writing their debut album with several well-known producers, including [[Teddy Riley]], [[Rick Nowels]], [[Billy Steinberg]], Wanya Morris of [[Boyz II Men]] and [[Andy Whitmore]]. Apart from the two cover versions, the entire set of their debut album was co-written by Sheehan, Daly and O'Donoghue, and Eamonn Maguire served as executive producer. In 1999, the band began promoting the album, releasing the single "Body Bumpin'" in the [[United States]], the second single "Now That I Found You" in the [[United States]] and [[Australia]], and "Party All Night", which was released worldwide. Although the album was planned for release worldwide, both the British and Irish releases never saw the light of day due to an internal struggle within Universal Records in the US. When Cherry Entertainment was dropped as a label on Universal, Mytown were released from their contract and the band decided to pursue their own individual paths. Years later, Sheehan and O'Donoghue met drummer Glen Power, and [[The Script]] was born.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
<br />
===Albums===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Year<br />
! Album details<br />
! colspan="1" |Chart positions<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| '''''[[Mytown (album)|Mytown]]'''''<br />
* Release date: 23 May 2000 <br />
* Label: [[Universal Music Group]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Singles===<br />
*1997: "Do It Like This" (Ireland only release)<br />
*1999: "Party All Night" (UK #22)<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/mytown/ Official Charts, Mytown]</ref><br />
*1999: "Body Bumpin'"<br />
*2000: "[[Now That I Found You]]"<br />
*2000: "Party All Night" (re-release)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{The Script}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mytown}}<br />
[[Category:Irish boy bands]]<br />
[[Category:1996 establishments in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:2001 disestablishments in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2001]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sheehan&diff=7049Mark Sheehan2018-04-07T18:22:19Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sheehan&oldid=546122941 22 March 2013 Heggyhomolit 30 September 2010</p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float:right;"<br />
|<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --><br />
| name = Mark Sheehan<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = The Script Perform Live<br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| birth_name = Mark Anthony Sheehan<br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|10|29}}<br />
| origin = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| instrument = [[Singing|vocals]], guitar<br />
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], record producer<br />
| years_active = 1998–present<br />
| label = [[Sony Music Entertainment]] <br />
| associated_acts = [[Mytown]], [[The Script]]<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
'''Mark Anthony Sheehan''' (born 29 October 1976) is an [[Irish people|Irish]] singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer. From 1996 to 2001, he was a member of the band [[Mytown]], and since 2001, he has been the [[guitarist]] for [[alternative rock]] band [[The Script]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sheehan was born in Mount Brown in [[The Liberties]] area of [[Dublin]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He was formerly a member of boyband [[Mytown]], along with his current bandmate, [[Danny O'Donoghue]], who were managed by Eamonn Maguire, and who were signed to Universal Records in New York. Both Sheehan and O'Donoghue were involved in the production of two tracks featured on the [[Peter André]] album ''[[The Long Road Back]]'' under the name ''M.A.D Notes''<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/M.A.D+Notes M.A.D Notes Discography at Discogs]. Discogs.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-21.</ref> before pursuing their own careers as musicians.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He is married to Rina Sheehan, and they have three children together named Cameron, Avery and Lila.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166344<br />
{{The Script}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheehan, Mark}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Irish guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:Irish singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Dublin (city)]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nocat&diff=5903Template:Nocat2017-05-05T12:35:18Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>[[Category:Wikisage:Uncategorized page]]</includeonly><br />
<br />
<code><nowiki>{{nocat}}</nowiki></code> <br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Wikisage:Template]]</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nocat&diff=5902Template:Nocat2017-05-05T12:34:30Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>[[Category:Wikisage:Uncategorized page]]</includeonly><br />
Zet <code><nowiki>{{nocat}}</nowiki></code> .<br />
}}<noinclude>[[Category:Wikisage:Template]]</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Van_der_Stock&diff=5901Jan Van der Stock2017-05-05T12:24:29Z<p>Lidewij: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Van_der_Stock&oldid=49066499 5 mei 2017 Vvondy v eerste bewerking</p>
<hr />
<div><!--[[Bestand:Jan Van der Stock.jpg|miniatuur|380x380px|Jan Van der Stock (photo by Liza Van der Stock)]]--> <br />
Jan Van der Stock (born Antwerp, 1959) is a Belgian art historian and exhibition curator. He is full professor at the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|University of Leuven]], where he lectures on Medieval and Renaissance Arts, Graphic Arts, Iconography, Iconology, and Curatorship. He is the director of Illuminare – Centre for the Study of Medieval Art (KU Leuven) and holder of the Van der Weyden Chair – Paul & Dora Janssen, the Veronique Vandekerchove Chair of the City of Leuven and the Chair of Medieval Sculpture in the Low Countries.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/art_history/staff/00008595|titel=Jan Van der Stock – Department of Art History|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.arts.kuleuven.be|taal=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Carreer ==<br />
In 1995 Van der Stock received his PhD from the KU Leuven with a dissertation on the development of the printed image in the 15th- and 16th-centuries Low Countries. In 1998, based on that dissertation, he published the fundamental book on graphic arts in the Southern Netherlands: ''Printing Images in Antwerp. The Introduction of Printmaking in a City: Fifteenth Century to 1585''. Van der Stock explores the complex way in which the printed image secured a place for itself in the urban fabric. He reconstructs the different traditions from which the print producers evolved, and explains how existing institutions in the city related to the new medium.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.hollstein.com/printing-images-in-antwerp-the-introduction-of-printmaking-in-a-city-fifteenth-century-to-1585-by-ja.html|titel=Printing images in Antwerp, the introduction of printmaking in a city: fifteenth century to 1585, Sound & Vision Publishers BV|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.hollstein.com|taal=en}}</ref> Very soon afterwards, in April 1999, he was awarded the art-historical ''Vuurslag Prize'' by Art & Antiques Fair 's-Hertogenbosch, in recognition of his work. In 1999 he was appointed Bijzonder Hoogleraar of Prints and Drawings at [[Universiteit Leiden|Leiden University]]. From 1998 to 2000 Van der Stock held the post of assistant curator in the Print Room of the [[Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België|Royal Library of Belgium]] (Brussels). His foremost undertakings there were the publication of ''The Print Collection of the Royal Library of Belgium: Early Prints'' and supervision of the conservation of the complete national collection of fifteenth-century prints. Since 2000 he has been a full-time member of the Faculty of Arts at the KU Leuven. At present he holds the position of full professor. He lectures on Medieval and Renaissance Arts, Graphic Arts, Iconography, Iconology, and Curatorship. Since 2003 he is director of Illuminare – Centre for the Study of Medieval Art (KU Leuven) and holder of the Van der Weyden Chair – Paul & Dora Janssen, the Veronique Vandekerchove Chair of the City of Leuven and the Chair of Medieval Sculpture in the Low Countries.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/art_history/staff/00008595|titel=Jan Van der Stock – Department of Art History|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.arts.kuleuven.be|taal=en}}</ref> Since 2005 he is member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. Currently he is finishing the book ''Between Norm and Practice. Two Centuries of Painting and Sculpture in Antwerp. Mid 14th – mid 16th Centuries: Assessing the Archival Evidence''.<br />
<br />
Jan Van der Stock has organized several international exhibitions in Vienna (1991), Brussels (1985 and 1991), St. Petersburg (1996), Florence (1996), Antwerp (1993 and 1997), Paris (2013) and Leuven (2002, 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2016). In 1993 he was the general coordinator of the seven historical exhibitions that were part of ''Antwerp 93 – Cultural Capital of Europe''.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.tijd.be/algemeen/algemeen/Mytes-moet-je-niet-zomaar-ontkrachten/5117954?highlight=thrombogenics|titel='Mytes moet je niet zomaar ontkrachten'|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=Tijd.be|taal=nl-BE}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.illuminare.be/staff/jan-van-der-stock|titel=Jan Van der Stock {{!}} Illuminare|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.illuminare.be|taal=en}}</ref> In 2016 he was the initiator and a driving force behind the municipal project ''500 Years Utopia - Leuven''. [[Thomas More]]’s iconic work ''[[Utopia (boek)|Utopia]]'' was first published in Leuven 500 years ago by the printer [[Dirk Martens (drukker)|Dirk Martens]]. For three months, the city organized a lavish commemoration of this event with a city festival, a unique social project and a high-profile exhibition. Van der Stock curated the key exhibition in [[M - Museum Leuven]]: ''In Search of Utopia''.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/Culture/1.2825032|titel=In Search of Utopia, how the world was perceived 500 years ago, in 80 top pieces|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=flandersnews.be|taal=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://utopia.prezly.com/in-search-of-utopia-the-most-high-profile-exhibition-of-2016#|titel=In Search of Utopia, the most high-profile exhibition of 2016|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|taal=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.utopialeuven.be/en|titel=Utopia Leuven|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.utopialeuven.be|taal=en}}</ref> Soon afterwards, he was awarded the ''Louvain Prize of Cultural Merit'' in recognition of his commitment and contribution to the cultural field in Leuven.<ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://focus.knack.be/entertainment/kunst/utopia-curator-jan-van-der-stock-wint-leuvense-prijs-culturele-verdienste-2016/article-normal-791423.html|titel=Utopia-curator Jan Van der Stock wint Leuvense Prijs Culturele Verdienste 2016|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|datum=2016-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/regio/vlaamsbrabant/1.2847862|titel=Utopia-curator Jan Van der Stock krijgt Leuvense Prijs Culturele Verdienste 2016|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=deredactie.be|taal=nl}}</ref> He was/is also involved in numerous other projects centering on art of the Low Countries.<br />
<br />
== Selected Publications ==<br />
J. Van der Stock (ed.), ''In Search of Utopia. Art and Science in the Era of Thomas More'' (Leuven: Davidsfonds and Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 2016).<br />
<br />
J. Van Grieken, G. Luijten and J. Van der Stock (eds.), ''Hieronymus Cock. The Renaissance in Print'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013) (also in Dutch and in French).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ‘Canon in Context. Consumption of Early-Netherlandish Images in the Fifteenth and the First Half of the Sixteenth Centuries’, in: L. Campbell, J. Van der Stock, C. Reynolds and L. Watteeuw (eds.), ''Rogier van der Weyden in Context. Papers presented at the Seventeenth Symposium for the Study of Underdrawing and Technology in Painting held in Leuven, 22-24 October 2009'' (Paris, Leuven and Walpole, MA: Peeters Publishers, 2012): 3-21.<br />
<br />
L. Campbell and J. Van der Stock (eds.), ''Rogier van der Weyden. 1400-1464: Master of Passions'' (Zwolle and Leuven: Waanders and Davidsfonds, 2009) (also in Dutch and in French).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ‘Prints and Visual Communication in the 16th Century’, in: ''A Story of The Image. Old & New Masters from Antwerp'' (Antwerp, Shanghai and Singapore: Museums and Heritage Antwerp, 2009): 182-199.<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ‘Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts: Assessing Archival Evidence’, in: E. Morrison and T. Kren (eds.), ''Flemish Manuscript Painting in Context. Recent Research. Based on symposia held at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles and at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London'' (Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006): 117-122.<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ''The Print Collection of the Royal Library of Belgium: Early Prints'' (London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2002).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ‘Ambiguous Intentions, Multiple Interpretations: An Other Look at Printed Images from the Sixteenth Century’, in: ''Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art'' 52 (2002): 19-30.<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ''Printing Images in Antwerp. The Introduction of Printmaking in a City: Fifteenth Century to 1585''. Studies in Print and Printmaking 2 (Rotterdam: Sound & Vision Interactive, 1998).<br />
<br />
M. Smeyers and J. Van der Stock (eds.), ''Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts. 1475-1550'' (Ghent: Ludion Press, 1996) (also in Dutch, French, Italian and Russian).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock (ed.), ''Antwerp, Story of a Metropolis: 16th-17th Century'' (Ghent: Snoeck-Ducaju, 1993) (also in Dutch).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock (ed.), ''Stad in Vlaanderen: cultuur en maatschappij 1477-1787'' (Brussels: Gemeentekrediet van België, 1991) (also in French and in German).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ‘The Impact of the Prints of Pieter Bruegel the Elder’, in: D. Freedberg (ed.), ''The Prints of Pieter Bruegel the Elder'' (Tokyo: The Tokyo Shimbun, 1989): 89-102 (also in Japanese).<br />
<br />
J. Van der Stock, ''Cornelis Matsys. 1510/11-1556/57. Grafisch werk'' (Brussels: Royal Library of Belgium, 1985) (also in French).<br />
<br />
== Selected Exhibitions ==<br />
2016: ''In Search of Utopia'', Museum M, Leuven (curator, together with Annelies Vogels).<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://utopia.prezly.com/persbericht#|titel=PERSBERICHT: Op zoek naar Utopia, de meest spraakmakende tentoonstelling van 2016|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|taal=nl-BE}}</ref><br />
<br />
2013: ''Hieronymus Cock. The Renaissance in Print'', [[Fondation Custodia|Institut Néerlandais]], Paris (curator, together with Ger Luijten and Joris Van Grieken)<ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.hnanews.org/archive/2014/04/16_hieronymus-cock0214.html|titel=Historians of Netherlandish Art - Book Reviews|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.hnanews.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://www.artsflanders.be/news/heritage/exhibition-on-hieronymus-cock-travels-to-paris|titel=Exhibition on Hieronymus Cock travels to Paris {{!}} Arts Flanders|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=www.artsflanders.be|taal=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citeer web|url=http://vlaamseprimitieven.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/en/news/exhibition-hieronymus-cock-the-renaissance-in-print|titel=Exhibition Hieronymus Cock - The renaissance in print {{!}} Flemish Primitives|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=vlaamseprimitieven.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be|taal=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
2013: ''Hieronymus Cock. The Renaissance in Print'', Museum M, Leuven (curator, together with Ger Luijten and Joris Van Grieken)<br />
<br />
2010: ''[[Codex Eyckensis|The Bible of Anjou]] - Naples 1340 - A Royal Manuscript Revealed'', Museum M, Leuven (chairman of the organizing committee and curator, together with Lieve Watteeuw)<br />
<br />
2009: ''Rogier van der Weyden 1400-1464. Master of Passions'', Museum M, Leuven (curator, together with [[wikipedia:Lorne_Campbell_(art_historian)|Lorne Campbell]] and chairman of the organizing committee)<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://www.codart.nl/guide/exhibitions/rogier-van-der-weyden-1400-1464-de-passie-van-de-meester/|titel=Rogier van der Weyden 1400 {{!}} 1464: de passie van de meester -|bezochtdatum=2017-05-05|werk=CODART|taal=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
2002: ''Medieval Mastery. Book Illumination from Charlemagne to Charles the Bold (800-1475)'', Museum M, Leuven (chairman of the organizing committee)<br />
<br />
1997: ''Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts 1475-1550'', [[Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen|Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp]] (curator, together with [[Maurits Smeyers]])<br />
<br />
1996: ''Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts 1475-1550'', [[Hermitage (Sint-Petersburg)|Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg]] (curator, together with Maurits Smeyers)<br />
<br />
1996: ''Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts 1475-1550'', [[wikipedia:Stefano_Bardini|Museo Bardini, Florence]] (curator, together with Maurits Smeyers)<br />
<br />
1993: ''Antwerp Story of a Metropolis'', [[Hessenhuis]], Antwerp (curator).<br />
<br />
1991: ''Stadtbilder in Flandern: Spuren bürgerlicher Kultur 1477-1787'', [[:de:Schallaburg|Renaissanceschloss Schallaburg, Vienna]] (curator)<br />
<br />
1991: ''Stad in Vlaanderen. Cultuur en maatschappij 1477-1787'', Galerij van het Gemeentekrediet, Brussels (curator)<br />
<br />
1985: ''Cornelis Matsys 1510/11-1556/57.Grafisch werk'', Royal Library of Belgium, Brussels (curator)<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
[http://www.kuleuven.be/wieiswie/nl/person/00008595 Curriculum Vitae]<br />
<br />
[https://lirias.kuleuven.be/cv?u=U0008595 List of all publications]<br />
<br />
Illuminare – Centre for the Study of Medieval Art (KU Leuven): www.illuminare.be<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{nocat}}</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nocat&diff=5900Template:Nocat2017-05-05T12:23:24Z<p>Lidewij: Created page with "<includeonly>Categorie:Wikisage:Pagina's zonder categorie</includeonly><noinclude>{{sjablooninfo|1= &nbsp; ;Doel Aangeven dat een pagina nog niet is ingedeeld in een categ..."</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>[[Categorie:Wikisage:Pagina's zonder categorie]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{sjablooninfo|1= &nbsp;<br />
;Doel<br />
Aangeven dat een pagina nog niet is ingedeeld in een categorie.<br />
;Gebruik<br />
Zet <code><nowiki>{{nocat}}</nowiki></code> onderaan een pagina die nog niet gecategoriseerd is.<br />
}}<noinclude>[[Categorie:Wikisage:Sjabloon:Hulpsjabloon]]</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Citeer_web&diff=5899Template:Citeer web2017-05-05T12:20:44Z<p>Lidewij: http://nl.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Citeer_web&oldid=197251</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{<br />
#if: {{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{titel|}}}{{{title|}}} |1}}}}<br />
||<font style="color: red;">Kan [[Sjabloon:Citeer web]] niet gebruiken, vanwege ontbrekende parameters '''url''' en/of '''titel'''</font><br />
}}{{#if: {{{taal|}}}{{{lang|}}}<br />
|{{#ifexist:sjabloon:{{lc:{{{taal|{{{lang|}}}}}}}}<br />
|{{ {{lc:{{{taal|{{{lang|}}}}}}}} }}<br />
| <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">({{{taal|{{{lang|}}}}}})&#32;</span> [[Categorie:Hulpcategorie voor tijdelijk gebruik]]<br />
}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{archiefurl|}}}{{{archiveurl|}}}{{{archiefdatum|}}}{{{archivedate|}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{#if: {{{archiefurl|}}}{{{archiveurl|}}}| {{#if: {{{archiefdatum|}}}{{{archivedate|}}} |1}}}}<br />
||<font style="color: red;">Kan [[Sjabloon:Citeer web]] niet gebruiken, vanwege ontbrekende parameters '''archiefurl''' of '''archiefdatum''' (beide moeten worden gebruikt of geen van beide)</font><br />
}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}{{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{{auteurlink|}}}{{{authorlink|}}}<br />
| [[{{{auteurlink|}}}{{{authorlink|}}}|{{#if: {{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}<br />
| {{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}{{#if: {{{voornaam|}}}{{{first|}}} | , {{{voornaam|}}}{{{first|}}} }}<br />
| {{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}<br />
}}]]<br />
| {{#if: {{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}<br />
| {{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}{{#if: {{{voornaam|}}}{{{first|}}} | , {{{voornaam|}}}{{{first|}}} }}<br />
| {{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}{{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{{medeauteurs|}}}{{{coauthors|}}}| <nowiki>;</nowiki>&#32;{{{medeauteurs|}}}{{{coauthors|}}} }}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}{{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}<br />
| .&#32;<br />
}}{{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{titel|}}}{{{title|}}} | [{{{url}}} {{{titel|}}}{{{title|}}}] }}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{formaat|}}}{{{format|}}}<br />
| &#32;({{{formaat|}}}{{{format|}}})<br />
}}{{#if: {{{werk|}}}{{{work|}}}<br />
| .&#32;''{{{werk|}}}{{{work|}}}''<br />
}}{{#if: {{{paginas|}}}{{{pages|}}}<br />
| &#32;{{{paginas|}}}{{{pages|}}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{uitgever|}}}{{{publisher|}}}<br />
| .&#32;{{{uitgever|}}}{{{publisher|}}}{{#if: {{{auteur|}}}{{{author|}}}{{{achternaam|}}}{{{last|}}}<br />
| <br />
| {{#if: {{{datum|}}}{{{date|}}}{{{jaar|}}}{{{year|}}}{{{maand|}}}{{{month|}}} || }}<br />
}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{datum|}}}{{{date|}}}<br />
| &#32;({{{datum|}}}{{{date|}}})<br />
| {{#if: {{{jaar|}}}{{{year|}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{{maand|}}}{{{month|}}}<br />
| &#32;({{{maand|}}}{{{month|}}} {{{jaar|}}}{{{year|}}})<br />
| &#32;({{{jaar|}}}{{{year|}}})<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{archiefdatum|}}}{{{archivedate|}}}<br />
| &#32;[{{{archiefurl|}}}{{{archiveurl|}}} Gearchiveerd] van het origineel op {{{archiefdatum|}}}{{{archivedate|}}}<br />
}}{{#if: {{{bezochtdatum|}}}{{{accessdate|}}}<br />
| <small>&#32;Geraadpleegd op {{{bezochtdatum|}}}{{{accessdate|}}}{{#if: {{{bezochtjaar|}}}{{{accessyear|}}} | , {{{bezochtjaar|}}}{{{accessyear|}}} }}</small><br />
}}{{#if: {{{bezochtmaanddag|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}<br />
| <small>&#32;Geraadpleegd op {{{bezochtmaanddag|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}} {{{bezochtjaar|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}</small><br />
}}{{#if: {{{citaat|}}} <br />
| &nbsp;<small>"{{{citaat}}}"</small><br />
}}{{#if: {{{url|}}} ||[[Categorie:Hulpcategorie voor tijdelijk gebruik]]}}{{#if: {{{titel|}}}{{{title|}}}||[[Categorie:Hulpcategorie voor tijdelijk gebruik]]}}{{#ifeq: {{lcfirst:{{{taal|{{{lang|}}}}}}}} | {{lc:{{{taal|{{{lang|}}}}}}}} | | [[Categorie:Hulpcategorie voor tijdelijk gebruik]] }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Sjablooninfo|1=<br />
== Gebruik ==<br />
;Meest gebruikte vorm bij bijvoorbeeld nieuwspublicaties<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |auteur= |uitgever= |datum= |bezochtdatum=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}}<nowiki> </nowiki>{{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url=(de link) |titel=(de titel van het nieuwsbericht) |auteur=(de schrijver, als hij erbij staat) |uitgever=(het medium waarin het bericht is uitgegeven, bijvoorbeeld [[NRC Handelsblad]]) |datum=(de datum die bij het bericht staat, bijv '12 april 2008') |bezochtdatum=(de datum waarop je de [[URL]] bezocht hebt, bijvoorbeeld</nowiki> {{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Meest gebruikte vorm als er weinig bekend is over de auteur van de pagina (met de datum)<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |bezochtdatum=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |formaat= |werk= }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Gebruiken maken van de achternaam- en voornaam-parameters (met de datum)<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |bezochtdatum=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |achternaam= |voornaam= |auteurlink= |medeauteurs= |datum= |jaar= |maand= |formaat= |werk= |uitgever= |paginas= |taal= |archiefurl= |archiefdatum= |citaat= }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Gebruiken maken van de auteur-parameter (met de datum)<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |bezochtdatum=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |auteur= |auteurlink= |medeauteurs= |datum= |jaar= |maand= |formaat= |werk= |uitgever= |paginas= |taal= |archiefurl= |archiefdatum= |citaat= }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Gebruiken maken van de niet-gelinkte bezochtdatum en de voornaam en achternaam<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |bezochtmaanddag= |bezochtjaar= |achternaam= |voornaam= |auteurlink= |medeauteurs= |datum= |jaar= |maand= |formaat= |werk= |uitgever= |paginas= |taal= |archiefurl= |archiefdatum= |citaat= }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Gebruiken maken van de niet-gelinkte bezochtdatum en de auteur<br />
<tt><nowiki>{{Citeer web |url= |titel= |bezochtmaanddag= |bezochtjaar= |auteur= |auteurlink= |medeauteurs= |datum= |jaar= |maand= |formaat= |werk= |uitgever= |paginas= |taal= |archiefurl= |archiefdatum= |citaat= }}</nowiki></tt><br />
<br />
;Alle parameters<br />
<pre>{{Citeer web<br />
| url = <br />
| titel = <br />
| bezochtdatum = <br />
| bezochtmaanddag = <br />
| bezochtjaar = <br />
| auteur = <br />
| achternaam = <br />
| voornaam = <br />
| auteurlink = <br />
| medeauteurs = <br />
| datum = <br />
| jaar = <br />
| maand = <br />
| formaat = <br />
| werk = <br />
| uitgever = <br />
| paginas = <br />
| taal = <br />
| archiefurl = <br />
| archiefdatum = <br />
| citaat = <br />
}}</pre><br />
<br />
=== Verplichte parameters ===<br />
* '''url''': Het web adres (URL) van de pagina.<br />
* '''titel''': Titel van de pagina.<br />
''Om een automatisch gelinkte bezochtdatum te maken::''<br />
:* '''bezochtdatum''': Volledige datum wanneer de pagina was bezocht, in bijvoorbeeld "bezochtdatum = {{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}"<br />
''Om een bezochtdatum te maken zonder link:''<br />
:* '''bezochtmaanddag''' en '''bezochtjaar''': Maand en dag wanneer de pagina was bezocht, bijvoorbeeld "bezochtmaanddag = 10 mei", <u>en</u> jaar wanneer de pagina was bezocht, bijvoorbeeld "bezochtjaar = 2005".<br />
<br />
=== Niet-verplichte parameters ===<br />
* '''auteur''': Auteur<br />
** '''achternaam''' werkt samen met '''voornaam''' om het volgende te weergeven: <code>last, first</code><br />
** '''auteurlink''' werkt samen met '''auteur''' of met '''achternaam''' & '''voornaam''' om naar het juiste Wikisage-artikel te linken. Werkt niet met URL's.<br />
** '''medeauteurs''': maakt het mogelijk om nog meer auteurs toe te voegen<br />
* '''datum''': Volledige datum van de publicatie, en moet het liefst in [[ISO 8601]] YYYY-MM-DD formaat, bijvoorbeeld ''2006-02-17''. Mogen worden gewikilinkt.<br />
** OF: '''jaar''': Jaar van de publicatie, en '''maand''': maand van de publicatie (naam, b.v. Mei). Als de dag ook bekend is, is het beter om de ''datum'' parameter te gebruiken. Moet niet worden gelinkt.<br />
* '''formaat''': Formaat, bijvoorbeeld PDF. HTML is de standaard waarde.<br />
* '''werk''': Als deze pagina onderdeel is van een groter werk, vul de naam van dit werk hier in.<br />
* '''uitgever''': Uitgever, als die er is.<br />
* '''paginas''': ''pp. 5–7'': eerste pagina en eventueel de laatste pagina. Dit wordt gebruikt om aan te geven welke pagina's relevant zijn voor het citaat, en niet het totaal aantal pagina's van het boek. Dit is erg handig voor het [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] formaat, waarbij het mogelijk is om direct naar de pagina's te linken door <code>#page=''number''</code> aan het einde van de URL te plakken.<br />
*: <code><nowiki>paginas = [http://www.example.com/file.pdf#page=123 p. 123]</nowiki></code><br />
* '''taal''': taal van de publicatie<br />
* '''archiefurl''': URL van de locatie waar een gearchiveerde versie van de pagina kan worden gevonden. ('''archiefdatum''' is verplicht als deze parameter wordt gebruikt)<br />
* '''archiefdatum''': Datum waarop de pagina was gearchiveerd ('''archiefurl''' is dan ook verplicht), in [[ISO 8601]] YYYY-MM-DD formaat, b.v. ''2006-02-17''. Moet niet worden gelinkt; dat gebeurt automatisch.<br />
* '''citaat''': Relevante citaat van de pagina.<br />
<br />
== Voorbeelden ==<br />
;Paar standaard voorbeelden<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| auteur=Doe, John<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| uitgever=Open Publishing<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| werk=Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | auteur=Doe, John | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | uitgever=Open Publishing | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| auteur=Doe, John<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| werk=Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | auteur=Doe, John | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| auteur=Doe, John<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | auteur=Doe, John | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06}}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| auteur=Doe, John<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | auteur=Doe, John | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06}}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06}}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| url=http://www.nfl.com/fans/<br />
| titel=Digest of Rules<br />
| uitgever= National Football League<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | url=http://www.nfl.com/fans/<br />
| titel=Digest of Rules | uitgever= National Football League | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</span><br />
<br />
;De bezochtdatum niet gelinkt (door het gebruiken van bezochtmaanddag en bezochtjaar)<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| werk=Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtmaanddag=July 6<br />
| bezochtjaar=2005<br />
}}</nowiki><br /> → <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| werk=Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtmaanddag=July 6<br />
| bezochtjaar=2005<br />
}}</span><br />
<br />
;Gebruik maken van formaat<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control<br />
| uitgever = International Narcotics Control Board<br />
| url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| formaat = PDF<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br /> → <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control<br />
| uitgever = International Narcotics Control Board | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| formaat = PDF | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06}}</span><br />
<br />
;Taal<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| auteur=Joliet, François<br />
| titel=Honi soit qui mal y pense<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
| taal=fr<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | auteur=Joliet, François | titel=Honi soit qui mal y pense | datum=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.com | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 | taal=fr}}</span><br />
<br />
;Medeauteurs<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web | voornaam=John | achternaam=Doe | medeauteurs=Peter Smith, Jim Smythe | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | uitgever=Open Publishing | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2006-05-16 <br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | voornaam=John | achternaam=Doe | medeauteurs=Peter Smith, Jim Smythe | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | uitgever=Open Publishing | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2006-05-16 }}</span><br />
<br />
;Geen auteur<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | uitgever=Open Publishing | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2006-05-16 <br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | uitgever=Open Publishing | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2006-05-16 }}</span><br />
<br />
;Geen auteur, geen uitgever<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | werk=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web | titel=My Favorite Things Part II | datum=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.com/ | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06 }}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web <br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| formaat = PDF<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
| taal=grc <br />
}}</nowiki><br /> → <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control | datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | formaat = PDF | bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
| taal=grc }}</span><br />
<br />
; Gebruik maken van archiefurl en archiefdatum om pagina's te gebruiken die niet meer bestaan maar wel zijn gearchiveerd<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| formaat = PDF<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
| archiefurl=http://www.archive.org/2005-09-11/www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| archiefdatum=2005-09-11<br />
}}</nowiki><br /> → <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
| titel=List of psychotropic substances under international control<br />
| datum=2005-04-30<br />
| url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| formaat = PDF<br />
| bezochtdatum=2005-07-06<br />
| archiefurl=http://www.archive.org/2005-09-11/www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf<br />
| archiefdatum=2005-09-11 }}</span><br />
<br />
* <nowiki><br />
{{Citeer web<br />
|url=http://joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi?archive=currnews&story=20060405-01shore.htm<br />
|titel=Interview with Maggie Downs<br />
|datum=2006-03-31<br />
|uitgever=The Desert Sun<br />
|archiefurl=http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:JAxf4v-pQmgJ:joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi%3Farchive%3Dcurrnews%26story%3D20060405-01shore.htm<br />
|archiefdatum=2006-04-26<br />
}}</nowiki><br /> → <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
|url=http://joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi?archive=currnews&story=20060405-01shore.htm<br />
|titel=Interview with Maggie Downs<br />
|datum=2006-03-31<br />
|uitgever=The Desert Sun<br />
|archiefurl=http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:JAxf4v-pQmgJ:joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi%3Farchive%3Dcurrnews%26story%3D20060405-01shore.htm<br />
|archiefdatum=2006-04-26}}</span><br />
<br />
; Gebruik maken van citaat<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web<br />
| titel = My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| werk = Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url = http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum = 2005-07-06<br />
| citaat = Lorem ipsum dolor.<br />
}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white">{{Citeer web<br />
| titel = My Favorite Things Part II<br />
| werk = Encyclopedia of Things<br />
| url = http://www.example.com/<br />
| bezochtdatum = 2005-07-06<br />
| citaat = Lorem ipsum dolor.<br />
}}</span><br />
<br />
;Geen parameters (error)<br />
* <nowiki>{{Citeer web}}</nowiki><br />→ <span style="background:white"><font style="color:red;">Kan [[Sjabloon:Citeer web]] niet gebruiken, vanwege ontbrekende parameters '''url''' en/of '''titel'''</font></span><br />
<br />
== Templatedata ==<br />
<templatedata><br />
{<br />
"description": "",<br />
"params": {<br />
"url": {<br />
"label": "URL",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": true,<br />
"description": "Het webadres (URL) van de pagina",<br />
"aliases": [<br />
"website",<br />
"site"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
"titel": {<br />
"label": "Titel",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": true,<br />
"description": "Titel van de pagina"<br />
},<br />
"bezochtdatum": {<br />
"label": "Bezochtdatum",<br />
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"aliases": [<br />
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[[Categorie:Sjablonen voetnoot| Citeer, Web]]<br />
[[Categorie:Sjablonen bronvermelding| **Citeer, Web]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&diff=4915Template:Infobox person2016-08-12T08:45:14Z<p>Lidewij: Blanked the page</p>
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<div></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Golden&diff=4914Les Golden2016-08-12T08:13:42Z<p>Lidewij: <!-- --></p>
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<div><!--{{Infobox_Person <br />
| name = <font color="blue">Les Golden</font><font color="black"><br />
| other_names = <small>AKA Cut the Taxes (political candidate)</br>Leonard Running Bear (political candidate spoof)</br> Scooter (boyhood athlete)</br>Chief ("Cornell Engineer" magazine editor-in-chief)</br>Leslie Detroit (college fraternity nickname)</br>Richard Kullman (Oak Park park district inner sanctum infiltrator)</br>Clete (college baseball player)</br>Moe Silver (character in cartoon strip and stage play "Shrubtown")</br>Les Morris (bandleader)</br>Subrahmanyan Berkowitz (stand-up comic)</br>Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell (stand-up comic)</br>Flash Golden (play-by-play announcer and jazz radio disc jockey)</br>Mark Morris (business name, airline coupons)</small><br />
| residence = Oak Park, [[State_Name::Illinois]], and [[City::Reno]], [[State_Name::Nevada]]<br />
| image = Gamblejpg.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 190px<br />
| caption = <small><b>Les Golden</b> counting cards at the Kellogg Graduate School of Business (Northwestern University) Casino Night</small><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Yes<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| occupation = Writer, astronomer, professor, musician, stand-up comedian, cartoonist<br />
| known = Developer of [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica">http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=Leslie%20M.%20Golden</ref> for blackjack and the Magic Circle Strategy for roulette</br>Influences -- Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| influences = Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| contact = drlesgo@aol.com; lesgoldencardcounting@yahoo.com; <br>literary agent - elagencywest@aol.com<br />
| reference = <small>http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden</br> http://www.oocities.org/goldenforstaterepresentative</br>; cell 773-837-3146</small><br />
}} --> <br />
<br />
'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist. He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> He has written for ''gambling.com'', ''iGamingBusiness'', ''gamblingonline'', and [[Bluff Magazine|''Bluff Europe'']] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref> As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems. He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels. Golden was named an International Gambling Institute (IGI) Scholar (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) Scholar for 2106. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Education and Research===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCollectedWritings.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i></small>]] Leslie Morris Golden (''Eliezer Moshe ben Reuven Motl y Chanah Kaileh'', ''Lazar Masche'') was born in Chicago, an identical twin,<ref>His parents are Irving R. (b. 1907) and Anne K. Golden (b. 1909; maiden name, Eisenberg). Anne had twin brothers, Irving and Sam (b. 1905), and twin uncles on her mother’s side, Michel and Kivah Gerstein (b.1876), making the Golden twins the third successive generation of male twins on the maternal side. The birth of the Golden twins was one of a record number of twin births at Wesley Memorial Hospital, a part of Northwestern Hospital in Chicago, in early December.</ref><ref>(1943), “Twins Tend Record Twin Crop,” ''Chicago Herald-American'', December 4, p. II-3</ref><ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref> the son of Anne K. (née Eisenberg; March 7, 1909 – November 19, 1999), a legal stenographer and homemaker, and Irving R. Golden (March 15, 1907 – June 22, 2005), an attorney and co-owner with his father Max Goldstein, an immigrant finish carpenter from Belarus, Russia, of a store fixture and bar manufacturing firm,<ref>Kogan, Rick (2005), “Lawyer also designed, built bars,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 24, p. IV-7</ref> and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, where he attended Horace Mann grammar school and Oak Park-River Forest High School. <br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenSemesteratSea.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Professor Golden was the first University of Illinois professor chosen to be a professor on Semester at Sea. He taught courses on astronomer and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.</small>]]He holds the B.A. (with Distinction) and Masters of Engineering Physics from Cornell University,<ref name="Cornell">http://www.cornell65.com/interest/golden.html</ref> where he was both a Cornell McMullen Scholar and a Fellow of the Interfoundation Committee of the American Institute for Economic Research (Great Barrington, Mass.). The Cornell website notes him as one of its distinguished alumni writers.<ref>www.collegegrid.com/grid/index.php/Cornell_University</ref> He received the M.A. and Ph.D in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley,<ref> http://badgrads.berkeley.edu/doku.php?id=alumni:old</ref><ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006ASPC..356...87F, page 90</ref> under Professor William J. “Jack” Welch,<ref>http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/welch.html</ref> the Watson and Marilyn Alberts Chair emeritus in Extraterrestrial Intelligence. His dissertation was “A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury.”<ref>http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Microwave_Interferometric_Study_of_the.html?id=vJK_HgAACAAJ</ref><ref>http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=Microwave%20Interferometric%20Study%20Subsurface%20Planet%20Mercury&index=books</ref><ref>(2012) Rivers, Eric, The Solar System, April 25; http://www.amazon.com/The-Solar-System-Eric-Rivers/dp/1475228791/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338396178&sr=1-1</ref> <br />
<br />
At Cornell, he was the award-winning feature editor and then editor-in-chief of the <i>Cornell Engineer</i> magazine and a member of the Engineering Student Council. Some of his early research in astronomy appeared in a book by Stephen Hawking.<ref> (1979) Hawking, S. W. & Israel, W. General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22285-0. “A much cited centennial survey”; <br />
books.google.com/books?isbn=0521222850 </ref> He performed research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. He is the director of the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] (N.E.A.R.),<ref>http://www.astronomy.com/sitecore/content/Magazine%20Issues/1994/April%201994.aspx , page 22</ref> which he founded as a University of Illinois at Chicago professor in 1994. He has been elected to both Phi Beta Kappa (arts and sciences) and Tau Beta Pi (engineering) as well as Pi Delta Epsilon (journalism). He is listed in Marquis Who's Who in Science and Technology and Marquis Who's Who in the World.<br />
<br />
In addition to the many citations to his scholarly research in astronomy and the history of science, Golden’s writings and work has been cited in numerous books.<ref>see, for example, <i>The Complete Guide to the Illinois Software Industry</i>, Chicago Software Association; <i>Cornell Engineer</i>, Cornell University College of Engineering; <i>Mix Hypermedia</i>, Mix Publications; <i>The Griffith Observer</i>, Griffith Observatory; http://books.google.com/books?id=99oqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&dq=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&hl=en</ref><br />
<br />
The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i> (Duc Publishing, ISBN 978-6-1368-4994-2)<ref>www.renotransmission.com/installation.html</ref><ref>www.oakparkjournal.com/2012/2012-Book-announced-Golden-bio.html </ref><ref>www.topix.com/forum/games/blackjack/TM5R2SK854B8812DS</ref><ref>www.publishingheadlines.com/biography-of-les-golden-published-by-duc-publishing/</ref><ref>http://www.topix.com/city/oak-park-il/2013/08/oak-park-renaissance-man-les-golden-has-been-written-by-biographer?fromrss=1</ref> which is available worldwide.<ref>See, for example, www.barnesandnoble.com/w/les-golden-jordan-naoum/1104425304; http://www.amazon.com/Golden-Jordan-Naoum/dp/6136849941/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327941857&sr=1-1; http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=9786136849942; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx </ref> <br />
<br />
===Performing===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNotEasyBeingGreen.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> One of the leading environmentalist spokesmen and activists in Illinois, Les Golden as President of the CARE party in Oak Park, Illinois, secured the election of a majority on the Park Board which on their first day in office banned pesticides in the parks and recreation centers.</small>]]Golden is a nationally-referenced animal welfare advocate and environmental activist,<ref>http://www.elephantinformation.com/CEMENT%20FLOORING%20or%20HARD%20DIRT%20GROUND.htm </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-11-24/news/0411240206_1_new-trees-oak-park-district-mulberry-trees</ref><ref>Dwyer, Bill (2007), “Tree Fury at Field,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 10, p. 1; http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/07-10-2007/Tree_fury_at_Field</ref><ref>Noel, Josh (2007), “Oak Park tree-removal plan heads for debate,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 12, p. 7; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-07-19/news/0707181717_1_trees-park-renovation-plan</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2005), “Elephant deaths are a matter of physics,” ''Chicago Sun-Times'', January 28, p. 24</ref><ref>(2000) “Trailside needs a champion,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'' (editorial), November 1, p. 32</ref><ref>Vincent, Ed (2002), “The Lost Chukar,” http://www.suburbanjournals.com/Stories2002/Lost-Chukar-Returned-Home-2002.html, August 10</ref><ref>see, in addition, for example, Golden, Les (2002), “All it would take is a fence to keep critters alive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', June 12, p. 41; Golden, Les (2000), “Les ‘Cut the Roadkill’ Golden says, Slow Down!”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 19, p. 25; Golden, Les (2000), “Hey, Sylvestri, save our furry and feathered friends,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 25, p. 34; Little, Rebecca and Trainor, Ken (2000) “Silvestri responds to Golden, Trailside,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 1, p. 2; Golden, Les “Let’s Save the Dogs” Golden (2002), “Ask politicians to make dog fighting a felony,” May 22, p. 32; (2008), “Inside Report: Les ‘Cut the coyotes a break’ Golden,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', January 23, p. 5; Linden, Eric (1991), “’Dandelion Dig’ idea blooming,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', May 29, p. 7; (2001) Golden, Les, “It’s not easy being green, but here are some ideas”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 11, p. 40</ref><ref>(2004) http://www.oakparkjournal.com/2007/2007-Field-Park-ralley-July-8th-2pm.html</ref><ref>“Oak Park Environmentalist Persuades School to Save Taxpayer Dollars, Intergovernmental Cooperation the Key to Recycling Dutch Elm Mulch,” www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref><ref>http://oakpark.suntimes.com/people/voices/ltr_golden-OAK-08012013:article; (2013) Golden, Les, “Inoculation can save ash trees,” <i>Oak Leaves</i>, July 29.</ref> a professional trumpet player, jazz vocalist, and band leader,<ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref> and a professional actor with more than 100 stage, film, radio, television, and commercial credits,<ref> (1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” <br />
Compuserve magazine, August, p. 55 </ref><ref>(1982) “Improvising Your Way to Success,” ''Spring'',1, 6, p. 34 </ref><ref> (1984) “The boss is never wrong,” ''Screen magazine'', October 1, p. 19</ref><ref>www.imdb.com/title/tt0097170/</ref><ref>www.locatetv.com/person/les-golden/118760</ref><ref>http://www.reelz.com/person/146084/les-golden/movie-friends/</ref><ref>Petrulis, Len (1982), “Golden TV ‘Spoof’ on Reality,” ''Berwyn Life'', May 19, p. 14</ref> including multiple principle Shakespearean roles with [[Oak Park Festival Theatre]], an Equity-contract theatre.[[File:WhoisLesGolden.jpg|thumb|200px|<small>Les Golden Renaissance Man feature article</small>]] As a model, he has appeared on the covers of numerous magazines including ''Burpee Seeds'', ''Heathkit'', ''Amway Magazine'', and ''Money Magazine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1966 Golden provided the stimulus for the formation of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] by placing an ad calling for student jazz musicians in the [[Daily Californian]]. With the arrival of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]] to the Cal campus in 1969, the organization became the most prominent musical organization on the Berkeley campus. Golden was a trumpet player, soloist, and vocalist with the elite Wednesday Night big band. For seven years he was the emcee for the program, appearing at dozens of performances annually at concerts and jazz festivals throughout California.<ref>http://ucjazz.berkeley.edu/ </ref>[[File:DailyCalArticlebyLesGoldenUCJazz1968.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>Article by Les Golden in the Daily Californian announcing the first concert of the University of California Jazz Ensembles</small>]]<br />
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Golden is an award-winning developer of sophisticated music notation software.<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(1989), “100 Great Products for Under $100,” ''Electronic Musician'', December, '''5''', 12, p. 46</ref><ref>Mahin, Bruce P. (1989), “Choosing Music Notation Software,” ''The Instrumentalist'', '''43''', 11, p. 26-31</ref><ref>(1989), “Basic Composer,” ''Music Educators Journal'', April, p. 20</ref><ref>Kuzmich, John (1990), “Scoring With Computers,” ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''23''', 3, p. 52</ref><ref>King, Patricia (1990),” “Basic Composer,” ''The Music and Computer Educator'', '''1''', 10, p. 26</ref><ref>(1991), “Basic Composer 4.3,” ''Compute'', '''13''', 2, p.90</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
<br />
He is a published jazz critic.<ref>Golden, Les (1994), “Ravinia places Chicago on map for jazz fans,” ''Northwest Leader'', August 3, p. 6</ref><br />
<br />
He has appeared numerous times as an actor<ref> http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref> on the live-broadcast productions of [["Unshackled!"]]. He was a featured regular on the [[Eddie Hubbard]] Show radio program as the character Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell from Bhutan. He was one of the stable of gifted Chicago character actors cast in numerous national and regional television commercials by renowned director [[Josef Sedelmaier]] of “Where’s the Beef?” fame. He is a member of both the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA). He was a charter member of Chicago's Porchlight Theatre Ensemble. He has appeared in featured roles with Broderick Crawford, Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue, Charlotte Ross, Susan Hart, Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Bruce Jarchow, Paula Scrofano, and others.[[File:LesGoldenKreyHotDogsActor.jpg|thumb|175px|<small>Les Golden possesses a "great character face." Shown here as model for Krey Hot Dogs.</small>]]<br />
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He has authored stage and screen plays, including “The Skull Caper,” based on the bequeathal of the skull of his mentor [[Del Close]] to the [[Goodman Theatre]] in [[Chicago]], a full-length murder mystery comedy, [[Murder by Mistletoe]], and a screenplay, [[Never Split Tens]], based on the life of the mathematician who developed the card counting system for the casino game of blackjack.<br />
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As "Flash Golden," he was the play-by-play announcer for the California Golden Bears basketball radio broadcasts and hosted Flash's Jazz Patio on [[KALX]]-FM. As a stand-up comedian, he has performed at San Francisco's Holy City Zoo and Mustard Seed, the Comedy Store and other clubs in Los Angeles, the Comedy Cottage in Chicago, as well as on the college circuit, Playboy Club, and other clubs from Puerta Vallarta to Boston. He appears both as himself, [[Les Golden]], and as [[Subrahmanyan Berkowitz]] from Bhutan. He is a published editorial cartoonist.[[File:FlashGoldenatOaklandColiseum.jpg|thumb|250px|<small>Flash Golden at halftime at Oakland Coliseum for Cal-UCLA showdown. He wears his signature gold jacket and blue and gold tie. To his right is color man George Skofis. To his left, standing, is Larry Heavey, baritone sax player with the UC Jazz Ensembles.</small>]]<br />
<br />
As an editorial and comic cartoonist, Les Golden has been widely published. He is listed in [[Comiclopedia]]<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref>. His subjects are taken from his interest in politics and other careers as a stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, environmentalist, animal welfare advocate, astronomer, and professor. He may be best known for his strip "Captain Industry" from the 1980's. His content ranges from politically controversial to school-boy silliness, with a clean line-art artistic style. His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012), includes numerous of his comic illustrations, including those of possible extraterrestrials. He credits Betty Edwards, author of <i>Drawing On the Right Side of the Brain</i>, as his major artistic influence. [[File:LesGoldenCartoona.jpg|thumb|left|225px|<small>As a cartoonist, Les Golden is widely published. Among other venues, he contributes cartoons to various gambling magazines. Copyright 2012 Les Golden. All rights reserved.</small>]]<br />
<br />
===Organized Athletics===<br />
In athletics he was a two-sport letterman at Oak Park and River Forest High School and was the manager and third baseman of the "Goldenrods" at Cornell and manager and third baseman of the "Foul Balls" in the fast-pitch summer league at U.C. Berkeley. At JPL, he was the third baseman on the champion JPL fast-pitch team in the Glendale City League.<br />
<br />
===Astronomy Publications and Presentations===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNEAR.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, founded the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] while a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</small>]]Golden has published several peer-reviewed refereed articles on applications of probability and statistics to astronomy,<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103; http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v234/n49/abs/physci234103a0.html</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974MNRAS.166..383G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974Obs....94..122G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103579901994 </ref> and has taught probability and statistics as an Adjunct Professor of Management Science in the Heller Graduate School of Business at Roosevelt University in Chicago in addition to being an astronomy professor in the physics department and the Honors College of the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1?detailsPage=authorsAndEditors</ref> <br />
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[[File:TsunamiLecture.jpg|thumb|left|250px|<small> Professor Leslie M. Golden lectures in 2005 on how the East Indian Ocean [[tsunami]]-generating earthquake led to a shortening of the length of the day.</small>]]He lectures to adult and student audiences on the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the hypothetical shapes of their bodies. A frequent cruise ship lecturer, he was selected by Royal Cruise Lines to be their shipboard lecturer on the high seas during the 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet, and was the first University of Illinois professor selected to be a professor on the Institute of Shipboard Education's (ISE) Semester at Sea program,<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2; http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/uicnews/articledetail.cgi?id=4005</ref> teaching courses on astronomy and the possibility of extraterrestrial life in the fall semester of 1996. [[File: PhysicsEducationReview.gif|thumb|left|150px|<small>The review of Les Golden’s "Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy" by Michael Vollmer, published in Physics Education Journal, July 2013, volume 48, number 4, pages 534-535.</small>]]Among his popular writings on astronomy<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-01-20/news/0401200115_1_communication-satellites-mars-initiative-astronomy</ref><ref>http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?30437-Benefits-Of-A-Mission-To-Mars</ref><ref> articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/astronomy/recent/4</ref> and public presentations,<ref>(2005) Anderson, Holly, “Day shortened by quake, astronomer calculates,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-110D9F0B0030ACF0.html, January 5</ref><ref>http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2004/12/27/aftermath_of_the_earthquake_sh/</ref><ref>(2013), Jobs in the sky, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 16, p. 13; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-vp-0216voicelettersbriefs-20130216,0,5802913.story</ref> he presented a series of lectures to the renowned Field Museum of Natural History on the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life, has been the featured speaker at the meeting of the Great Lakes Planetarium Association, and was the keynote speaker for Chicago's Adler Planetarium on the occasion of the dedication of their new wing.<br />
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His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012)<ref>http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref> has been enthusiastically reviewed.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Laboratory-Experiments-Physics-Modern-Astronomy/dp/146143310X</ref><ref>(2013) Vollmer, Michael, “Physics and astronomy meet in book of experiments,” <i>Physics Education</i>, v. 48, no. 4, p. 534-535; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03;jsessionid=6530B374440A8BBC9B63245D60D284DF.c1; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03/pdf/0031-9120_48_4_M03.pdf</ref><br />
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<br />
==Renaissance Man Description==<br />
Les Golden is a Renaissance Man, a true polymath. [[File: LesGoldenAlkaSeltzer.jpg |thumb|250px|<small> Principal actor for Alka Seltzer national campaign. This photo appeared in every National Basketball Association program for every team during its season.</small>]]He has been so described in numerous newspapers and magazine. "Let's say there was a local character who has a B.S. and M.S. in engineering physics from Cornell University; earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California in Berkeley; is a professional actor; a former stand-up comedian in San Francisco and L.A. and an improv performer with Chicago's Second City, is a freelance jazz and theater critic and playwright; is president of his own software development company; gives lectures on UFOs and the possibility of extraterrestrial life; was listed in the Marquis "Who's Who in Science and Engineering;" and every July 4 either he or his twin brother lead the band that precedes the fireworks at the local high school. You'd accuse us of making him up, right? Wait, it gets better. Let's say all of that is not enough. Let's say this guy wants to make his mark in politics . . . only he insists on filing under a nickname which usually gets him tossed off the ballot . . . " <ref>(1997) Trainor, Ken, "Who is Les Golden?", ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref>[[File: LesGoldenJazzOaklandMuseum.jpg |thumb|left|250px|<small>Members of the University of California Jazz Ensembles in a publicity photo prior to a performance at the Oakland Museum. From top, Gary Maas, drummer, now an optometrist, Les Golden, trumpet, vocalist, and announcer, and Larry Heavey, baritone sax, now a radiologist.</small>]]<br />
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"Where to start in introducing the complete one-off individual that is Les Golden? Actor, stand-up comedian, humorist UFO lecturer, singer, astronomer, cartoonist, playwright, trumpet player, voiceover artist, political activist . . . we could go on. You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he's also a great blackjack player,"<ref>(2009) Lines, Chris, "A Word From the Editor," ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> <br />
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"It would be an unusual man who really went by the name 'Cut the Taxes,' but Golden, of Oak Park, is an unusual man. He is an actor and educational software developer with a Ph.D. in astronomy; he is a trumpet player, writer and physics professor who devotes much of his free time to taxpayers rights issues."<ref>(1995) Zorn, Eric, "This Candidate Is A `Cut The Taxes' Above The Rest," ''Chicago Tribune'', October 3; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes. See also, (1994), "A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown," ''Compuserve magazine'', August, p. 55; Krapf, Paula (1995) "Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces," ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><br />
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“His interests form a list so long as to stagger the imagination. He is a stand-up comic who has performed all over the United States and Mexico, a professional actor in more than 100 plays, films and commercials; and he is the author of Basic Composer, PC-compatible software that is used to compose, play back, and print music and lyrics. (As an astronomer), in 1986 he went on a Halley’s Comet cruise, following the comet from Acapulco to Greece and transmitting reports to the Syndicated Writers’ Group.”<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref><br />
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[[File:LesGoldenNameGame.jpg|thumb|right|175px|<small> Les Golden is a true polymath, a Renaissance Man. His numerous activities have provided him with many names. Play the Les Golden Name Game! </small>]]Unlike many in society who were influenced and aided by family members in achieving success in given fields, Golden is entirely a self-made man. No one in either his maternal or paternal extended families have matriculated at an Ivy League college, earned a Ph.D, nor have had professional careers as an actor, stand-up comedian, playwright, political cartoonist, magazine editor, non-fiction writer, software developer, scientist, or professor. His identical twin brother and he are the only professional musicians in the extended families.<ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref><ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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Les Golden has featured listings at the non-vanity websites Library Thing,<ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref> Illinois Authors, <ref>http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref> Authors Den,<ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> Comiclopedia,<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref> and Theiapolis.<ref>http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref><br />
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==Gambling Writings==<br />
===Introduction to Card Counting===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenUnitedAirlines.jpg|thumb|left|125px|<small> International poster-boy for United Airlines. These brochures were available at every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world. An accompanying poster was on the wall in every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world as well as being printed in every major American newspaper (and perhaps foreign as well).</small>]]In the months before the premier Wednesday Night Band of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]], under the direction of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]], went in 1972 to Reno, Nevada, to compete in its first [[Reno]] Jazz Festival,<ref>www.unr.edu/rjf/</ref> Golden, a trumpet player and vocalist with the band and its announcer, purchased Beat the Dealer at the legendary Moe’s Bookstore in Berkeley, California, and studied Thorp’s complete point count system. In the next five years at Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to Reno, with additional trips to Lake Tahoe and Virginia City, Nevada. In 1977 he moved to Los Angeles to perform research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate post-doctoral fellow in astronomy,<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and his gambling excursions were to [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. He continued to perform stand-up comedy at various venues including The Comedy Store and The Improv.<br />
[[File:CountonLesLogojpg.jpg|thumb|240px|<small>Logo for Les Golden's popular "Count on Les" columns for gambling.com print magazine</small>]]<br />
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===Writings===<br />
He has written for ''Gambling.com'',<ref>http://www.professional-poker.com/news/2006/nov/764-gamblingcom-poker-content.htm.</ref><ref>http://www.gambling.com/Blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> ''Gambling Online'',<ref>www.gamblingonlinemagazine.com/casinos.php</ref> ''iGaming Business'',<ref> http://www.igamingbusiness.com/content/shannon-elizabeth-heats-gamblingcom-magazine</ref> and ''Bluff Europe''<ref>http://www.sbg-globalblackjack.com/p/blackjack-news-headlines-for-september-02-2011</ref><ref>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_Magazine</ref><ref>www.bluffeurope.com/</ref> magazines, and as a newspaper columnist as a casino advocate.<ref>Golden, Les (1992). “Pleasant Home: Here's a Worthwhile Gamble,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 31, p. 21</ref> His writing reflects his Renaissance man<ref name=''tinsel''>(1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” ''Compuserve magazine'',<br />
August, p. 55</ref><ref>(1995) Krapf, Paula, “Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><ref>Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref><ref>(1998) Silver, Moe (name adopted by writer Ken Trainor for purpose of article), “The Clone Ranger divides again”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 1, p. 52</ref><ref name="Shrewish">Trainor, Ken (2001) “Funny, he doesn’t look shrewish,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 1, p. 2</ref><ref name="Cornell"/><ref>http://www.trueknowledge.com/q/facts_about__les_golden_28</ref> multiple knowledge bases. With a technical background, many of his articles deal with probability issues in casino games, focusing on roulette, craps, and blackjack, and discussing such topics as the central limit theorem, the [[normal curve]], and Gambler's ruin, and often employing [[Monte Carlo]] simulations and references to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, an area to which he had been introduced at Cornell University by his mentor Frank Drake and which is one of his research and public lecture areas as an astronomer.<ref>(1983). “People Focuses on Fellow Who Makes ETs His Specialty,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 16</ref><ref>(1983), “Rosary prof makes stars come to life for ‘ET’ class,” ''Suburban Sun-Times'' (West), July 1, p. 14</ref><ref>(1984). ”Halley's Comet, Alien Life Highlight Astronomer's Talk,” ''Harlem-Irving Times'', March 2, p 3</ref> [[File:LesGoldenasDrArmstrong.jpg|thumb|150px|<small>Les Golden had the part of Dr. Armstrong in Agatha Christie’s "Ten Little Indians." Golden is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</small>]]With his stand-up comedian background, his style has been described by one of his editors, “You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he’s also a great blackjack player,”<ref>Lines, Chris (2009), “A Word From the Editor,” ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> and by Dave Bland, the editor of ''Flush Magazine'', "Les Golden is a comedy genius. I could write more but it really is as simple as that.”<ref>http://triblocal.com/oak-park-river-forest/community/stories/2010/06/cut-the-taxes-golden-is-now-cut-the-cards/</ref><ref>http://triblocal.com/members/dianenichols/mentions/</ref> A professional actor with a Kevin Bacon number of 3 who has studied with Ann Woodworth of [[Northwestern University]] and [[Del Close]] of Chicago’s [[The Second City]] improvisational nightclub, Golden periodically writes about applying acting techniques to camouflage both being a card counter and also being a member of roulette and blackjack teams.<ref>Golden, Les (2010), “So, Do You Feel Lucky, Punk. Well, Do ‘Ya? ,” ''Bluff Europe'', October, p. 88-89</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “Yonder Lies the Castle of my Fodder,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-91</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on the Plain”: Camouflage by Status,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-91</ref><br />
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[[File: LesGoldenAsteroidDiscovery.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>The beginnings of the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] was the subject of an article in <i>Compuserve Magazine</i>, which also discussed his being a writer for the Syndicated Writers’ Group reporting as a Halley’s Comet lecturer on the high seas.</small>]]Golden has won multiple awards for his writing, including the prestigious Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize,<ref> http://students.berkeley.edu/finaid/undergraduates/hofferprize.htm </ref>, the Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition,<ref> (1974), <i>Griffith Observer</i>, number 6 </ref>, the International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Contest,<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref> and the First Prize in the [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] International Essay Competition (American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs). Gambling.com's website refers to Golden as “gambling.com magazine’s resident blackjack genius.”<ref>http://www.gambling.com/blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> His research into the gambling game of 21 has been published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.<ref> http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts36_1#eight </ref><br />
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===Golden Diagram===<br />
After the publication of Beat the Dealer, gambling casinos reacted to the advantage that a card counter gains over the house by adopting counter strategies. These included employing multiple decks rather than the single hand-held deck. Two-deck games and games employing four and six decks dealt from a so-called shoe became commonplace.<br />
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[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning. In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects: 1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games using multiple decks.<br />
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[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects. The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters: The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'', June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me: An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref> He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2, p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby: The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref> His paper on the subject <ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
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===Magic Circle strategy===<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game. If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref><br />
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The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009). “Vodka Can Make You Tilt: How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009). “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Beginners in the Casino: Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', January, p. 90-91.</ref> Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play. His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
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==Political Activity==<br />
===Local===<br />
====CARE Party====<br />
[[File:EricZornLes.jpg|thumb|125px|<small>Featured column on Les Golden in Chicago Tribune.</small>]]<br />
Golden began his political career with the non-partisan [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. (Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate) in Oak Park, [[Illinois]]. He later formed the [[TURF Party]] (Taxpayers United of River Forest) in the adjacent community. He was the president of UTOP (United Taxpayers of Oak Park) from 1991 through 2005.<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> As CARE party president he has been responsible for slating more than 70 candidates for local political office, achieving the election of eight on tax-accountability and environmental issues.<ref>see, for example, (1989) CARE joins school board fray, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , July 31, page 1; (1989) CARE tries to seek new identity, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, October 11, page 7; (1990) CARE endorsements have defeat the "incumbent" goal, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , October 31, page 21; (1991) CARE challenges shake up village races, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i>, February 6, page 1; <br />
(1991) CARE: a party in search of an image, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, August 14, page 8; Thomas, Sherry (1995) “Is Runningbear really ‘Cut the Taxes’?”, ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), August 23, p. 13; Linden, Eric (1995) “New OPRF ‘slate’ reads like a hoax,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 9, p. 7</ref> He has sponsored and moderated numerous taxpayer information forums.<ref>see, for example,(2006) “Oak Park tax gripes to be discussed”, September 26, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-09-26/news/0609260292_1_property-tax-property-owners-steep-hike; (1987) 200 turn out at CARE tax forum, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 7; CARE tax forum adds speakers, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 9, 9; http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> His advocacy of tax-relief has led him to seek local elected office as “Cut the Taxes.”<ref>(2003) Golden, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden, How to turn the Barrie negative into a positive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', February 26</ref><br />
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====Animal Welfare and Environmentalism====<br />
A major influence on animal welfare and environmental protection efforts locally and in the State of Illinois, Golden has been a leader in water and materials conservation, recycling, tree protection, wildlife protection, pesticide bans, efforts to retard global warming, and numerous other initiatives, as well as childhood education in these efforts. He has achieved numerous reforms in this regard as president of the [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. [[File: LesGoldenOakParkPesticideBan.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>In 1991, Les Golden, as president of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment, achieved a ban on pesticides in the parks and recreation centers of Oak Park, Illinois.</small>]] <br />
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In 2012, Golden learned of the plan by the village of Oak Park to destroy all the pigeons who found shelter among the steel support beams under the train trestle at Marion Street. Some residents complained about the unsightly droppings. Golden discovered that a gel substance placed on the surfaces adjacent to roosting areas was unappealing to all birds who would walk through it, in particular pigeons, starlings, and sparrows. The village trustees opted for that solution, although destruction of the birds had been imminent, and the birds were saved.<ref>(2012) Golden, Les, “An alternative pigeon solution for Oak Park,” <i>Wednesday Journal</i>, June 5</ref><br />
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At the last hour, in 2013, the Oak Park Park District announced that the expansive Ridgeland Common park area in the center of the village was going to be converted into an artificial turf soccer field. This required the bulldozing of the popular sledding hill, an attraction since 1965, the destruction of dozens of mature trees and bushes, and the termination of the modest dog park and the chip/mulch pile for use by residents. The sledding hill had been a popular year-round attraction for a multitude of exercise, picnicking, fireworks viewing, and nature-oriented activities, and the residence of mature shade-providing hackelberry trees. This occurred despite a sham public planning process that had been in place for several years <ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/8-7-2012/Park-District-of-Oak-Park-tells-<br />
architects-to-move-forward-with-Ridgeland-Common-plans/</ref> and which had focused on the renovation of the ice rink/swimming pool complex. In February, 2013, Golden, posing as “Richard Kullman” in order to gain access to the inner sanctum of the local park district while ensuring that the story being about the park and not himself, created what became known as the “Kullman Kaper” and began a media frenzy. He organized and held a rally, generated numerous letters to the local press and emergency government meetings, and stimulated the creation of an online petition.<ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Oak Park residents oppose plan to remove sled hill and dog run”, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 6, p. 5</ref> <ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Plans to close dog park angers some pet owners,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 12, p. 7</ref> The feckless “Green Committee” had one such emergency meeting, to which it invited an artificial turf contractor make a predictable presentation. The new executive director caved in to the desires of the paid soccer officials sitting on the park board and the destruction of the park began in April.<br />
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====Lobbying for Intergovernmental Cooperation====<br />
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Despite the self-serving claims by local elected officials of trying to work together,<ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/12-10-2013/Intergovernmental-cooperation-is-a-reality-with-IGOV/</ref> intergovernmental cooperation to save the environment and to save taxpayer dollars has been an abysmal failure in Golden’s hometown of [[Oak Park]], Illinois. Golden has suggested numerous means of attaining such, with limited success against the entrenched bureaucracies rampant in [[Oak Park]].<br />
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For several decades, Golden has been trying to convince the local Oak Park governments to save costs and display environmentalism by using wood chips from the stumps of trees that were cut down as mulch for the parks. Despite one victory<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref>, the park district continues to pay thousands of dollars annually for mulch that is free for the taking. Indeed, officials in nearby neighborhoods of Chicago routinely obtain the wood chips from Oak Park trees and tree stumps.<br />
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Dating back to the 1990’s, Golden has lobbied local officials, without any support from the local Green Party, Democratic Party, local political party, any government official, or any private resident, to bundle their newsletters to save paper and mailing costs. In all, about 30 newsletters are mailed to each home annually. These include quarterly self-congratulatory mailings from the township, monthly mailings from the village, quarterly mailings from the park district and two school districts, water quality reports from the village, periodic mailings from the Oak Park library, monthly senior citizen mailings from the township, and other mailings. In the late 1990’s, Golden’s solo effort began to have results, when the library began to bundle its mailing with the village monthly newsletter. In the 2010’s, the two school district started to bundle their mailings with that of the village and library. The township and park district continue to flaunt such efforts at cost savings and environmentalism.<br />
<br />
Golden continually exhorts the park district to find alternate means of distributing its near-100 page activities brochure to 20,000 households quarterly at a cost of tens of thousands of dollars in postage. In fact, 90% of households simply discard the hefty brochure, an environmental disaster. Golden has suggested intergovernmental cooperation as a means to resolve both problems. Simply by distributing the brochure at each of the nine public schools, the three firehouses, the three libraries, the dozen parks, and the nearly dozen administration buildings of the local governments, no resident would be more than one or two blocks from a brochure drop-off location. Those residents who actually have enrolled in an activity in the previous two years would continue to receive the brochure. The brochure would, in addition, be available online.<br />
<br />
Despite the logic of this suggestion, the park district continues to waste trees and taxpayer dollars. The self-congratulatory propaganda published in the brochure leads the park district to ensure that every household received the document.<br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref> Golden sent the paper to every elected official in Oak Park as well as the executive directors of every board in Oak Park, as well as the editors of the Chicago and Oak Park newspapers. <br />
<br />
====Tax Relief, Commercial Development, and Candidate Sponsor====<br />
Golden’s interest in tax relief has led to a leadership role in large-scale commercial development as principal of Holley Court Partners.<ref>http://www.oak-park.us/public/pdfs/Planning/Harlem_South/2006%20RFP%20Responses/09.26.06_Holley%20Court%20Partners.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenParksCandidacy.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As a candidate for the Oak Park Park District, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden suggested an imaginative use for a local park among tax-saving measures.</small>]]His notoriety as a sponsor of political candidates led to his namesake, "Moe Silver," Chairman of the "LOVE Party," being a lead character in the locally-drawn "Shrubtown" comic strip and theatrical play by the same name by artist and writer Marc Stopeck.<ref>see, for example, Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 24, p. 17; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 14, p. 22; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 21, p. 23; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 28, p. 21; Stopeck, Marc (1992), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 12, p. 24; Stopeck, Marc (1993), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 11, p. 22</ref><br />
<br />
===Statewide and National===<br />
====Nickname and Ballot Access====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenTreeRally.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small>In 2007, Leslie M. Golden discovered the plan by the Oak Park Park District to destroy all the old growth trees in a local park. Within 48 hours, on the July 4th weekend, he organized a committee to hold a Sunday rally, wrote a flyer, had the flyer distributed throughout the community, obtained speakers, and notified the press. Over 200 people attended on the hottest day of the year.</small>]]His political candidacies for U.S. Congress<ref>(1996) Kass, John, “Nothing dull about 7th race – U.S. House contest full of controversy,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 8, Section 2, p. 1</ref> and State Representative<ref>(1992) Zorn, Eric, “But Yakov seems so, so . . . judicial,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 10, Section 2, p. 1</ref><ref>(1996) Montgomery, Susan, “GOP slates Golden to run for state rep,” ''Oak Leaves'', July 3, p. 10</ref><ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=16936&WhenStart=2011-08-06+12%3A51%3A32</ref><ref> (1996) “Cut taxing districts,” ''Berwyn Life'' October 9, p. 22 </ref> using the nickname "Cut the Taxes" have led to court actions,<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/773242/posts</ref><ref>(2002), Mission: Fool voters (editorial), ''Chicago Tribune'', January 18, p. 18 </ref><ref> http://anti-state.com/forum/index.php?board=2;action=display;threadid=1446</ref><ref>http://ddd-hph.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/newshph?a=d&d=HPH19980107.2.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=00-00-0000-99-99-9999--20--1----Sen.+Obama-all</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-09-18/news/0209180186_1_ballots-fractional-jagielski </ref><ref> http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/10-30-2002/Golden_wins_Cut-The-Taxes_suit,_sues_again_</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-16/news/0210160202_1_blagojevich-spokesman-doug-scofield-illinois-state-board </ref><ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) This candidate is a Cut the Taxes above the rest, ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-23/news/0210230072_1_golden-ballot-orr </ref><ref>http://www.actuarialoutpost.com/actuarial_discussion_forum/showthread.php?p=136091</ref><ref>www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1110F700ED5B9A50.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/09/should-we-use-cheryle-robinson-jackson-or-stick-with-cheryle-jackson-.html</ref><ref> (1996) Hevrkejs, Judy and Conklin, Mike, “Cutting Les,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 12, p. 2</ref><ref> (1996) “ ‘Cut the Taxes’ cut from GOP ballot,” ''West Suburban Post'', March 8, p. 5</ref><ref>http://forums.gunbroker.com/pop_printer_friendly.asp?TOPIC_ID=34426</ref> a re-writing of Illinois election law concerning allowable names on the ballot<ref>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=001000050HArt%2E+16&ActID=170&ChapterID=3&SeqStart=56200000&SeqEnd=57400000; see 10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e); </ref><ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e)</ref><ref>(2002) McLaughlin, Amy, “Candidates’ Stances Offer Clear Choices for Voters.” <i>Chicago Daily Herald</i>, November 1, page 4</ref><ref>(2002) Sneed, Michael, “Election Board Objects to Nixed Nicknames.” <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>, October 13, page 6; <br />
http://article.wn.com/view/2002/10/13/Election_Board_objects_to_nixed_nicknames/</ref><ref>(2002) “State’s Attorney Suing to Keep Slogans Off Ballot,” <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>, October 16, page 80; http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1461211.html, "State's attorney suing to keep slogans off ballot”</ref><br />
<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-06-03/news/0306030127_1_orr-slogans-78th-district; (2003) Groark, Virginia, “Legislature cuts the slogans from names on ballot,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, June 3</ref><ref> Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37 </ref> propagated throughout the state of Illinois in election guides for candidates,<ref>www.champaigncountyclerk.com/elections/docs/2012/2012CanGuide.pdf</ref><ref>www.elections.il.gov/downloads/electioninformationcourth/pdf/2011canguide.pdf </ref> lengthy discussions in the Illinois Institute of Continuing Legal Education (IICLE) handbook on election law<ref> www.iicle.com </ref> which is on display in courthouses in the state of Illinois, scholarly studies on election law and ballot access, <ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~kimballd/illinois.pdf</ref> and rewriting of election law in other states. <ref>law.onecle.com/texas/election/52.031.00.html</ref> In addition, in another part of the revised election law, the Golden Rule, for the first time in Illinois history, allows any election official whatsoever, state as well as local, to extend their previous ministerial powers beyond mere printing of the ballot to actually removing slogans from ballot names.<ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (f)</ref> These cases in election law and the revised Illinois election law statutes have been cited repeatedly in jurisdictions throughout the country.<br />
<br />
====Taxation, Constitutional Convention, and Drug Legalization====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCutTaxingDistricts.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As the GOP candidate for the office of State Representative from the 8th Illinois district, Golden suggested means for funding education.</small>]]In 2008, he was the statewide spokesman and one of three state-wide coordinators for the group seeking to convene an Illinois Constitutional Convention.<ref>(2008) Sweeney, Chuck, Constitutional convention? Here's a pro-con, <i>Rockford Register Star</i>, June 18; http://www.rrstar.com/opinions/x1713643550/Constitutional-convention-Heres-a-pro-con</ref><ref>(2008) Wilson, Doug, Business group says constitutional convention would be too costly, risky, <i>Quincy Herald-Whig</i>, July 15</ref><ref>www.chicagogop.com/home/blogger/drlesmgolden/</ref><ref>http://www.chicagogop.com/component/comprofiler/userprofile/drlesmgolden</ref> He wrote the field guide for campaign workers which was used in other states also seeking to convene constitutional conventions. He has consistently fought legislation removing property tax caps in Illinois.<ref> (1995) Schory, Brenda, “Loud protest trails quiet passage of tax cap bill,” <i>Kane County Chronicle</i>, July 7, p. 1</ref> He was selected to be a charter member of the board of the Illinois Taxpayer Education Foundation (ITEF) in 1994.<br />
<br />
He has been recognized by the Media Awareness Project<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/</ref> as a key spokesman in the national movement to legalize drugs to combat an epidemic of crime and to generate government revenues.<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v13/n523/a06.html</ref><ref>(2013) Legalize drugs, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, October 28, p. 19; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-10-28/opinion/ct-vp-1028-voice-letters-20131028_1_drug-business-drug-trafficking-drug-crimes</ref><br />
<br />
===Recognition and Honors===<br />
He is President of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate (CARE) in Oak Park, Suburban Coordinator of the Alliance of (Cook) County Taxpayers (ACT), and heads the National Taxpayers United of Oak Park. <br />
<br />
Golden received the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Taxpayers United of Illinois umbrella group in 1991 for his taxpayer advocacy efforts. <br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
"The only famous (card) counters are the ex-counters."</BR><br />
“Human beings are the only species that derive joy from the misfortunes of others. The greater the misfortune, the greater the joy.”</br><br />
“If you set mediocre goals, the most you will ever achieve is mediocrity.”</br><br />
“We don’t own the Earth; we simply share it.”<br />
<br />
==Published Books==<br />
*''Basic Composer: An Analysis of Music Notation Software'', Music Education Incentives Publishers (1988)<br />
*''Astronomy 101'', UIC Press (1994)<br />
*''A Field Guide for Political Activists: How to Generate Support and Turn Out Your Voters'', Lee Brooke (2008)<br />
*''Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy: With Comprehensive Development of the Physical Principles'', Springer Science+Business (2012)<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
*''Deuces Wild'', The Deuces<br />
<br />
==Selected Theatrical, Film, Radio, Television, and Commercial Credits==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Title<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Director<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Role<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Co-stars<br />
|-<br />
|Kronenbourgh Beer<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Murray<br />
|Bruce Jarchow<br />
|-<br />
|Tony’s Pizza<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Vito<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Chicago Tribune<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Jo-jo<br />
|Marji Bank, Ernest Perry<br />
|-<br />
|K-Mart<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Lester<br />
|Tim Gamble<br />
|-<br />
|Eagle Foods<br />
|Gerald Hagner<br />
|Les<br />
|Ken Anderson (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Motorola Cellular<br />
|Ed Italo<br />
|Miller<br />
|Lee Trevino (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Buick<br />
|Jim Parish<br />
|Cal<br />
|Don Majowski (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|True Value Hardware<br />
|Jim Lynch<br />
|Professor Astroray<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Cognex<br />
|Stewart Talent<br />
|Timothy McCoy<br />
|Paula Scrofano<br />
|-<br />
|Illinois State Lottery<br />
|Jeff Jones<br />
|Big Brother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Heinz Ketchup<br />
|Bob Shallcross<br />
|Les Golden (stand-up comedian as himself)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bubble Up<br />
|Stan Cottle<br />
|Murray<br />
|Charlotte Ross<br />
|-<br />
|The Len Petrulis Show<br />
|Len Petrulis<br />
|Phillipe Maurice, Parisian fashion designer<br />
|Kajon Mueller<br />
|-<br />
|Freeman Shoes<br />
|Loren Ostir<br />
|Wally Tucker<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Thrift Drugs<br />
|Clay Covert<br />
|Mr. Eisen<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Madison Gas and Electric<br />
|Bob Wendt<br />
|Bob<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Ohio Edison<br />
|Ken Ancell<br />
|Mr. Heater<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|American Family Insurance<br />
|John Alexson<br />
|Mark<br />
|Rick Plastina<br />
|-<br />
|Outtakes<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|Harvey Knox<br />
|Broderick Crawford<br />
|-<br />
|The Nightmare Trial of Billy Barnes<br />
|Gerald Rogers<br />
|Edward Keppel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|The Roommate<br />
|Nell Cox<br />
|Mr. Chipbeef<br />
|Barry Miller, Lance Guest<br />
|-<br />
|Welcome Home, Bobby<br />
|Herbert Wise<br />
|Coach Lazare<br />
|Adam Baldwin<br />
|-<br />
|How I Became A Holy Mother<br />
|Arnold Aprill<br />
|Master<br />
|Patti Shaughnessy<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|Dale Calandra<br />
|Gremio<br />
|Ned Mochel, Susan Hart, and others<br />
|-<br />
|YMCA<br />
|Jerold Haislmaier<br />
|Michael Marks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ten Little Indians<br />
|Faith Dukor-Chaplick<br />
|Dr. Armstrong<br />
|June Atkinson, Russ Cady<br />
|-<br />
|Stage Struck<br />
|James Carter<br />
|Herman<br />
|Jim Mullen<br />
|-<br />
|The Odd Couple<br />
|Faith Baime<br />
|Vinnie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|What the Wine Sellers Buy<br />
|Wanda Getsug<br />
|George<br />
|Lucy Evans<br />
|-<br />
|The Little Sister<br />
|Ray Andrecheck<br />
|Toad<br />
|B.F. Helman<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|David Darlow<br />
|Vincentio<br />
|Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Kristine Thatcher, Greg Vinkler, Michael Halberstam, and others<br />
|-<br />
|The Inspector General<br />
|Knowles Cooke<br />
|Bobchinsky<br />
|Stephen Straight, Barbara Tucker<br />
|-<br />
|Eddie Hubbard Show Live from Arnie’s<br />
|Eddie Hubbard<br />
|Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell<br />
|Robert Goulet, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Unshackled!<br />
|Jack O’Dell<br />
|Richard Goldstein (and others)<br />
|Judith Easton, David Mink, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Deadly Spygames<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|General Vladimir Korchenko<br />
|Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue<br />
|-<br />
|Lady Blue<br />
|Gary Nelson<br />
|Davey Carlton<br />
|Danny Aiello, Jamie Rose, Ron Dean<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Competition<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Sponsor<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award<br />
|-<br />
|Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize<br />
|Eric Hoffer<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Cornell Engineer Feature Article Competition<br />
|Cornell University College of Engineering<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, All Issues, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition<br />
|Griffith Observatory<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Competition<br />
|<i>Compuserve Magazine</i><br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Nicolaus Copernicus International Essay Competition<br />
|American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs<br />
|First Place Winner, Senior Division<br />
|-<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Essay Competition<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Association<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Technical Publications==<br />
<br />
===Probability and Statistics in Astronomy===<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103.<br />
<br />
2. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122.<br />
<br />
4. Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451.<br />
<br />
===Technical Articles on Gambling===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Les; Thompson-Hill, Jeremy; and Theobold, Rick (2008). “Has Online Gaming Reached Saturation Point?,” '' iGaming Business'', March/April, p.&nbsp;16-17.<br />
<br />
2 Golden, Les; Turner, Noah; and von Bar, Jens (2009). “The Death of the RNG,” '' iGaming Business'', July/August, p.&nbsp;56-59.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of Twenty-one,” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', ''' 32''', 2, p.&nbsp;57-69.<br />
<br />
4. Golden, Leslie (2016). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking'', University of Nevada Press, Las Vegas.<br />
<br />
5. Golden, Leslie (2016). “A New System for Roulette Based on the Physics of the Roulette Wheel,” ''Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking'', University of Nevada Press, Las Vegas.<br />
<br />
===Peer-Reviewed Articles on Intergovernmental Cooperation===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources Among Competing Units of Government,” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden] Home Page<br />
*[http://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Les_Golden_(Interview)] An Interview With Les Golden<br />
*[http://en.wikisage.org/wiki/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Reconnaissance_Project] N.E.A.R.<br />
*[http://en.wikisage.org/wiki/University_of_California_Jazz_Ensembles] U.C. Jazz<br />
*[http://en.wikisage.org/wiki/KALX] KALX Radio 90.7 FM<br />
*[http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden] Illinois Authors Listing<br />
*[http://www.worldcat.org/title/laboratory-exercises-in-physics-for-modern-astronomy/oclc/773666079] World Catalog Listing<br />
*[http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx] Collected Writings<br />
*[http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden] Library Thing Listing<br />
* [http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden] Authors Den Listing <br />
* [http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html] Theiapolis listing as actor<br />
* [http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm] Cartoonist listing at Comiclopedia<br />
<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden,Les}}<br />
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[[Category:University of California Berkeley alumni]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Person&diff=4913Template:Infobox Person2016-08-12T08:08:20Z<p>Lidewij: Lidewij moved page Template:Infobox Person to Template:Infobox person</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Template:Infobox person]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&diff=4912Template:Infobox person2016-08-12T08:08:19Z<p>Lidewij: Lidewij moved page Template:Infobox Person to Template:Infobox person</p>
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<div>{{Infobox|child={{{child|}}}<br />
| bodyclass = biography vcard<br />
<br />
| above = {{Br separated entries<br />
| 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</span>}}<br />
| 2 = <span class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</span><br />
| 3 = {{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</span>}}<br />
}}<br />
| abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}}<br />
<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}<br />
| caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label1 = Native&nbsp;name<br />
| data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<span class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</span>}}<br />
<br />
| label2 = Pronunciation<br />
| data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}}<br />
<br />
| label10 = Born<br />
| data10 = {{Br separated entries|1={{#if:{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</span>}}|2={{{birth_date|}}}|3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<span class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</span>}}}}<br />
<br />
| label11 = Baptised<br />
| data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptised|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label12 = Disappeared<br />
| data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label13 = Status<br />
| data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label14 = Died<br />
| data14 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{death_date|}}}|2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<span class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</span>}}}}<br />
<br />
| label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death<br />
| data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label16 = Body discovered<br />
| data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}<br />
| data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| class17 = label<br />
<br />
| label18 = Monuments<br />
| data18 = {{{monuments|}}}<br />
<br />
| label19 = Residence<br />
| data19 = {{{residence|}}}<br />
| class19 = {{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}||label}}<br />
<br />
| label20 = Nationality<br />
| data20 = {{{nationality|}}}<br />
| class20 = category<br />
<br />
| label21 = Other&nbsp;names<br />
| data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| class21 = nickname<br />
<br />
| label22 = Ethnicity<br />
| data22 = {{{ethnicity|}}}<br />
| class22 = category<br />
<br />
| label23 = Citizenship<br />
| data23 = {{{citizenship|}}}<br />
| class23 = category<br />
<br />
| label24 = Education<br />
| data24 = {{{education|}}}<br />
<br />
| label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater<br />
| data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label26 = Occupation<br />
| data26 = {{{occupation|}}}<br />
| class26 = role<br />
<br />
| label27 = Years&nbsp;active<br />
| data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label28 = Era<br />
| data28 = {{{era|}}}<br />
| class28 = category<br />
<br />
| label29 = Employer<br />
| data29 = {{{employer|}}}<br />
| class29 = org<br />
<br />
| label30 = Organization<br />
| data30 = {{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}<br />
| class30 = org<br />
<br />
| label31 = Agent<br />
| data31 = {{{agent|}}}<br />
| class31 = agent<br />
<br />
| label32 = Known&nbsp;for<br />
| data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label33 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#if:{{{works|}}}|Works|{{#if:{{{credits|}}}|Notable credit(s)|Notable work}}}}</span><br />
| data33 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}|{{{works|}}}|{{#if:{{{credits|}}}|{{{credits}}}|{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label34 = Style<br />
| data34 = {{{style|}}}<br />
| class34 = category<br />
<br />
| label37 = Home&nbsp;town<br />
| data37 = {{{home town|{{{home_town|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label38 = Salary<br />
| data38 = {{{salary|}}}<br />
<br />
| label39 = Net&nbsp;worth<br />
| data39 = {{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label40 = Height<br />
| data40 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label41 = Weight<br />
| data41 = {{#if:{{{weight_kg|}}}{{{weight_st|}}}{{{weight_lb|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{weight_kg|}}}|kg|{{{weight_st|}}}|st|{{{weight_lb|}}}|lb}}}}{{#if:{{{weight|}}} | {{infobox person/weight|{{{weight|}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label42 = Television<br />
| data42 = {{{television|}}}<br />
<br />
| label43 = Title<br />
| data43 = {{{title|}}}<br />
| class43 = title<br />
<br />
| label44 = Term<br />
| data44 = {{{term|}}}<br />
<br />
| label45 = Predecessor<br />
| data45 = {{{predecessor|}}}<br />
<br />
| label46 = Successor<br />
| data46 = {{{successor|}}}<br />
<br />
| label47 = Political party<br />
| data47 = {{{party|}}}<br />
| class47 = org<br />
<br />
| label48 = Movement<br />
| data48 = {{{movement|}}}<br />
| class48 = category<br />
<br />
| label49 = <span class="nowrap">Opponent(s)</span><br />
| data49 = {{{opponents|}}}<br />
<br />
| label50 = Board member&nbsp;of<br />
| data50 = {{{boards|}}}<br />
<br />
| label51 = Religion<br />
| data51 = {{#if:{{{religion|}}}|{{{religion|}}} {{#if:{{{denomination|}}}|({{{denomination|}}})|}}|}}<br />
| class51 = category<br />
<br />
| label52 = Denomination<br />
| data52 = {{#if:{{{religion|}}}||{{{denomination|}}}}}<br />
| class52 = category<br />
<br />
| label53 = Criminal charge<br />
| data53 = {{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label54 = Criminal penalty<br />
| data54 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label55 = {{#if:{{{judicial_status|{{{judicial status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}<br />
| data55 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}}<br />
| class55 = category<br />
<br />
| label56 = <span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span><br />
| data56 = {{{spouse|}}}<br />
<br />
| label57 = <span class="nowrap">Partner(s)</span><br />
| data57 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label58 = Children<br />
| data58 = {{{children|}}}<br />
<br />
| label59 = Parent{{#if:{{{parents|}}}|(s)|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|s|(s)}}|(s)}}}}<br />
| data59 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{Unbulleted list|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label60 = Relatives<br />
| data60 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label61 = Family<br />
| data61 = {{{family|}}}<br />
<br />
| label62 = Call-sign<br />
| data62 = {{{callsign|}}}<br />
<br />
| label63 = Awards<br />
| data63 = {{{awards|}}}<br />
<br />
| label64 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}}<br />
| data64 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|{{{honours}}}|{{{honors|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label65 = Website<br />
| data65 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| data66 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}}<br />
| data67 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}}<br />
| data68 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}}<br />
| data69 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}}<br />
| data70 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}}<br />
| data71 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| header72 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|Signature}}<br />
| data73 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| header74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}}<br />
| data75 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;"><br />
{{{footnotes}}}</div>}}<br />
<br />
}}<!--<br />
-->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Articles using infobox person with unsupported parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:Infobox person]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y<br />
| abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | denomination | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | employer | era | ethnicity | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | home town | home_town | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | net worth | net_worth | networth | notable works | notable_works | occupation | opponents | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | parents | partner | party | predecessor | pronunciation | relations | relatives | religion | residence | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | salary | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | spouse | status | style | successor | television | term | title | URL | website | weight | weight_kg | weight_lb | weight_st | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive}}<!--<br />
-->{{Main other|<br />
{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}{{{4|}}}{{{5|}}}|[[Category:Infobox person using numbered parameter]]}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{box_width|}}}|[[Category:Infobox person using boxwidth parameter]]}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}|{{#if:{{{salary|}}}{{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}}|[[Category:Infobox person using certain parameters when dead]]}}}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{influences|}}}{{{influenced|}}}|[[Category:Infobox person using influence]]}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}[[Category:Articles with hCards]]<br />
}}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{Documentation}}</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:PAGENAMEBASE&diff=4911Template:PAGENAMEBASE2016-08-12T08:05:18Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:PAGENAMEBASE&oldid=708575225</p>
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<div>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#Invoke:String|replace|{{{1|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}}|%s+%b()$||1|false}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&diff=4910Template:Infobox person2016-08-12T08:03:15Z<p>Lidewij: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&oldid=714248517 proef</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox|child={{{child|}}}<br />
| bodyclass = biography vcard<br />
<br />
| above = {{Br separated entries<br />
| 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</span>}}<br />
| 2 = <span class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</span><br />
| 3 = {{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</span>}}<br />
}}<br />
| abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}}<br />
<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}<br />
| caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label1 = Native&nbsp;name<br />
| data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<span class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</span>}}<br />
<br />
| label2 = Pronunciation<br />
| data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}}<br />
<br />
| label10 = Born<br />
| data10 = {{Br separated entries|1={{#if:{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</span>}}|2={{{birth_date|}}}|3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<span class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</span>}}}}<br />
<br />
| label11 = Baptised<br />
| data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptised|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label12 = Disappeared<br />
| data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label13 = Status<br />
| data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label14 = Died<br />
| data14 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{death_date|}}}|2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<span class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</span>}}}}<br />
<br />
| label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death<br />
| data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label16 = Body discovered<br />
| data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}<br />
| data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| class17 = label<br />
<br />
| label18 = Monuments<br />
| data18 = {{{monuments|}}}<br />
<br />
| label19 = Residence<br />
| data19 = {{{residence|}}}<br />
| class19 = {{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}||label}}<br />
<br />
| label20 = Nationality<br />
| data20 = {{{nationality|}}}<br />
| class20 = category<br />
<br />
| label21 = Other&nbsp;names<br />
| data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| class21 = nickname<br />
<br />
| label22 = Ethnicity<br />
| data22 = {{{ethnicity|}}}<br />
| class22 = category<br />
<br />
| label23 = Citizenship<br />
| data23 = {{{citizenship|}}}<br />
| class23 = category<br />
<br />
| label24 = Education<br />
| data24 = {{{education|}}}<br />
<br />
| label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater<br />
| data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label26 = Occupation<br />
| data26 = {{{occupation|}}}<br />
| class26 = role<br />
<br />
| label27 = Years&nbsp;active<br />
| data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label28 = Era<br />
| data28 = {{{era|}}}<br />
| class28 = category<br />
<br />
| label29 = Employer<br />
| data29 = {{{employer|}}}<br />
| class29 = org<br />
<br />
| label30 = Organization<br />
| data30 = {{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}<br />
| class30 = org<br />
<br />
| label31 = Agent<br />
| data31 = {{{agent|}}}<br />
| class31 = agent<br />
<br />
| label32 = Known&nbsp;for<br />
| data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label33 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#if:{{{works|}}}|Works|{{#if:{{{credits|}}}|Notable credit(s)|Notable work}}}}</span><br />
| data33 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}|{{{works|}}}|{{#if:{{{credits|}}}|{{{credits}}}|{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label34 = Style<br />
| data34 = {{{style|}}}<br />
| class34 = category<br />
<br />
| label37 = Home&nbsp;town<br />
| data37 = {{{home town|{{{home_town|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label38 = Salary<br />
| data38 = {{{salary|}}}<br />
<br />
| label39 = Net&nbsp;worth<br />
| data39 = {{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label40 = Height<br />
| data40 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label41 = Weight<br />
| data41 = {{#if:{{{weight_kg|}}}{{{weight_st|}}}{{{weight_lb|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{weight_kg|}}}|kg|{{{weight_st|}}}|st|{{{weight_lb|}}}|lb}}}}{{#if:{{{weight|}}} | {{infobox person/weight|{{{weight|}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label42 = Television<br />
| data42 = {{{television|}}}<br />
<br />
| label43 = Title<br />
| data43 = {{{title|}}}<br />
| class43 = title<br />
<br />
| label44 = Term<br />
| data44 = {{{term|}}}<br />
<br />
| label45 = Predecessor<br />
| data45 = {{{predecessor|}}}<br />
<br />
| label46 = Successor<br />
| data46 = {{{successor|}}}<br />
<br />
| label47 = Political party<br />
| data47 = {{{party|}}}<br />
| class47 = org<br />
<br />
| label48 = Movement<br />
| data48 = {{{movement|}}}<br />
| class48 = category<br />
<br />
| label49 = <span class="nowrap">Opponent(s)</span><br />
| data49 = {{{opponents|}}}<br />
<br />
| label50 = Board member&nbsp;of<br />
| data50 = {{{boards|}}}<br />
<br />
| label51 = Religion<br />
| data51 = {{#if:{{{religion|}}}|{{{religion|}}} {{#if:{{{denomination|}}}|({{{denomination|}}})|}}|}}<br />
| class51 = category<br />
<br />
| label52 = Denomination<br />
| data52 = {{#if:{{{religion|}}}||{{{denomination|}}}}}<br />
| class52 = category<br />
<br />
| label53 = Criminal charge<br />
| data53 = {{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label54 = Criminal penalty<br />
| data54 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label55 = {{#if:{{{judicial_status|{{{judicial status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}<br />
| data55 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}}<br />
| class55 = category<br />
<br />
| label56 = <span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span><br />
| data56 = {{{spouse|}}}<br />
<br />
| label57 = <span class="nowrap">Partner(s)</span><br />
| data57 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label58 = Children<br />
| data58 = {{{children|}}}<br />
<br />
| label59 = Parent{{#if:{{{parents|}}}|(s)|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|s|(s)}}|(s)}}}}<br />
| data59 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{Unbulleted list|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label60 = Relatives<br />
| data60 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label61 = Family<br />
| data61 = {{{family|}}}<br />
<br />
| label62 = Call-sign<br />
| data62 = {{{callsign|}}}<br />
<br />
| label63 = Awards<br />
| data63 = {{{awards|}}}<br />
<br />
| label64 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}}<br />
| data64 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|{{{honours}}}|{{{honors|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label65 = Website<br />
| data65 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
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}}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{Documentation}}</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rwbest/Scratch&diff=2749User:Rwbest/Scratch2015-11-07T12:55:19Z<p>Lidewij: <references/></p>
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<div>{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 0.85em; width: 500px;"<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#0000cc; text-align:center; color: white; font-size: 1.2em;" |'''World primary energy production'''<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
[[File:World total primary energy production chart only.png|frameless|500px|alt=World total primary energy production]]<br />
<div style="padding-left: 18px; margin-top: -6px;"><br />
{| style="width: 100%; text-align: left;"<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top colspan=2 | {{legend|#ff420e|border=1px solid #f2f2f2|World (10<sup>15</sup> Btu)<ref>quad = 10<sup>15</sup> Btu = 293 TWh, eia.gov–U.S. Energy Information Administration [http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=44&pid=44&aid=1 International Energy Statistics]</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top |<br />
{{legend|#ffd320|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| [[China]]}}<br />
{{legend|#7e0021|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| [[Russia]]}}<br />
{{legend|#83caff|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| [[Africa]]}}<br />
| valign=top |<br />
{{legend|#004586|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| [[United States]]}}<br />
{{legend|#579d1c|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| [[Europe]]}}<br />
{{legend|#314004|border=1px solid #f2f2f2| Central and South America}}<br />
|}<br />
<span style="font-size: 0.95em;">''Note the different y-axis for world (left) en regional (right) production''</span><br />
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|}<br />
<references/></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Legend&diff=2748Template:Legend2015-11-07T12:52:51Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
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<div><includeonly><p style="margin:0px;font-size:90%;"><span style="border:{{{border|none}}};background-color:{{{1|none}}};color:{{{1|none}}};">██</span>&nbsp;{{{2|}}}</p></includeonly><noinclude></noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Legend&diff=2747Template:Legend2015-11-07T12:50:51Z<p>Lidewij: test</p>
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<div><includeonly><p style="margin:0px;font-size:90%;"><span style="border:{{{border|none}}};background-color:{{{1|none}}};color:{{{1|none}}};">██</span>&nbsp;{{{2|}}}</p></includeonly><noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Richardkiwi&diff=1610User talk:Richardkiwi2015-08-11T14:25:00Z<p>Lidewij: welcome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 16:24, 11 August 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:B._Lesnar&diff=1594User talk:B. Lesnar2015-08-07T18:36:06Z<p>Lidewij: Welcome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 20:36, 7 August 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_restaurant_Loule&diff=1492Chinese restaurant Loule2015-07-27T19:32:48Z<p>Lidewij: reclame</p>
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<div></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:WS_Userdump&diff=1262User talk:WS Userdump2015-07-16T09:39:51Z<p>Lidewij: Welkome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 11:39, 16 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jules&diff=1261User talk:Jules2015-07-16T09:39:15Z<p>Lidewij: Welkome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 11:39, 16 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Penarc&diff=1260User talk:Penarc2015-07-16T09:38:54Z<p>Lidewij: Welkome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 11:38, 16 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rwbest&diff=1259User talk:Rwbest2015-07-16T08:46:48Z<p>Lidewij: Welkome</p>
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<div>{{Welcome}}<br />
Greetings and salutations!, --[[User:Lidewij|Lidewij]] ([[User talk:Lidewij|talk]]) 10:46, 16 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%27s_Trail&diff=987Sultan's Trail2012-06-18T06:10:23Z<p>Lidewij: Redirected page to Sultans Trail</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Sultans Trail]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&diff=986Template:Main2012-06-11T10:51:28Z<p>Lidewij: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&oldid=424831235</p>
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<div>{{Rellink|extraclasses=relarticle mainarticle|{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}|Category|The main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}} for this [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]] {{#if:{{{2|}}}|are|is}}|Main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}:}} [[{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{l1|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}}<br />
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|, and [[{{{10}}}|{{{l10|{{{10}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{11| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}}}<noinclude><br />
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{ {Documentation}}<br />
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</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&diff=985Tetragrammaton2012-06-11T10:45:28Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
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<div>The term '''Tetragrammaton''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''τετραγράμματον'', meaning "[a word] having four letters")<ref>It originates from ''tetra'' "four" + ''gramma'' (gen. ''grammatos'') "letter") {{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=tetragrammaton |title=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> refers to the [[Names of God in Judaism|name of the God of Israel]] '''YHWH''' ({{lang-he|יהוה}}) used in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<br />
<br />
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==Primary evidence: Occurrences in written texts==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Hebrew Bible===<br />
The Tetragrammaton occurs 6,828 times in the Hebrew text of both the [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|Biblia Hebraica]] and [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]].<ref name="insight"/> The only books it does not appear in are the [[Song of Songs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], and [[Book of Esther|Esther]]. It first appears in the Hebrew text in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:4.<ref name="insight">{{cite book<br />
|title=Insight on the Scriptures<br />
|volume=vol. 2<br />
|page=8<br />
|publisher=Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania<br />
|chapter=Importance of the Name<br />
|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
|title=The Bible translator<br />
|volume=vol. 56<br />
|page=71<br />
|publisher=United Bible Societies<br />
|year=2005}}; {{cite book<br />
|title=Nelson's expository dictionary of the Old Testament<br />
|page=229<br />
|publisher=Merrill Frederick Unger, William White<br />
|year=1980}}</ref> The letters, properly read from right to left (in Biblical Hebrew), are:<br />
:{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Hebrew !! Letter name !! Pronunciation<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''י'''}}</span><br />
| [[Yodh]]<br />
| "Y"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ה'''}}</span><br />
| [[He (letter)|He]]<br />
| "H"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ו'''}}</span><br />
| [[vav (letter)|Waw]]<br />
| "W", or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see [[mater lectionis]])<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ה'''}}</span><br />
| [[He (letter)|He]]<br />
| "H" (or often a [[silent letter]] at the end of a word)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Frequency of use in scripture====<br />
According to the [[Brown-Driver-Briggs]] Lexicon, {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} (Qr {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}) occurs 6,518 times, and {{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}} (Qr {{lang|he|אֱלֹהִים}}) occurs 305 times in the [[Masoretic]] Text.<br />
<br />
It appears 6,823 times in the Jewish Bible, according to the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], and 6,828 times each in the ''[[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|Biblia Hebraica]]'' and ''[[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]'' texts of the Hebrew Scriptures. This number in itself is quite remarkable considering the name compared with titles given to God, namely: [http://www.4yhwh.com/YHWH.htm God (2,605), Almighty (48), Lord (40), Maker (25), Creator (7), Father (7), Ancient of Days (3) and Grand Instructor (2).]<br />
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===[[Dead Sea scrolls]] Hebrew and Aramaic texts===<br />
These scrolls are unvocalized. Many of these scrolls write (only) the tetragrammaton in [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|paleo-Hebrew script]], showing that the Name was treated specially. See [http://www.lectio.unibe.ch/05_2/troyer_names_of_god.htm this link].<br />
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===Dead Sea scrolls Greek texts===<br />
===Loss of the Tetragrammaton in the Septuagint===<br />
[[Septuagint]] study does give some credence to the possibility that the Divine Name appeared in its original texts. Dr [[Sidney Jellicoe]] concluded that "[[Paul E. Kahle|Kahle]] is right in holding that LXX [''= Septuagint''] texts, written by Jews for Jews, retained the Divine Name in Hebrew Letters (palaeo-Hebrew or Aramaic) or in the Greek-letters imitative form ''ΠΙΠΙ'', and that its replacement by ''Κύριος'' was a Christian innovation."<ref>Sidney Jellicoe, ''Septuagint and Modern Study'' (Eisenbrauns, 1989, ISBN 0-931464-00-5) pp. 271, 272.</ref> Jellicoe draws together evidence from a great many scholars (B. J. Roberts, Baudissin, Kahle and C.H. Roberts) and various segments of the Septuagint to draw the conclusions that: a) the absence of "Adonai" from the text suggests that the insertion of the term "Kyrios" was a later practice, b) in the Septuagint "Kyrios", or in English "Lord", is used to substitute the Name YHWH, and c) the Tetragrammaton appeared in the original text, but Christian copyists removed it. There is therefore a strong possibility that the Sacred Name was once integrated within the Greek text, but eventually disappeared.<br />
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Meyer suggests as one possibility that "as modern Hebrew letters were introduced, the next step was to follow modern Jews and insert 'Kyrios', Lord. This would prove this innovation was of a late date."<br />
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Bible scholars and translators as [[Eusebius]] and [[Jerome]] (translator of the Latin Vulgate) used the [[Hexapla]]. Both attest to the importance of the sacred Name and that the most reliable manuscripts contained the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}<br />
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Later translations into European languages which descended from the Septuagint tended to follow the Greek and use each language's word for "lord": Latin "Dominus", German "der Herr", English "the Lord", French "le Seigneur", etc.<br />
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<br />
These four letters are usually transliterated from Hebrew as IHVH in [[Latin language|Latin]], JHWH in [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and JHVH/YHWH in English. This has been variously rendered as "[[Yahweh]]" or as "[[Jehovah]]", based on the [[Latin]] form of the term,<ref>In the Latin alphabet there was no distinct lettering to distinguish 'Y' ('I') from 'J', or 'W' from 'V'.</ref> while the Hebrew text does not clearly indicate the omitted vowels.<br />
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In English translations, it is often rendered in [[Small caps|capital and small capital letters]] as "the {{LORD}}", following [[Judaism|Jewish]] tradition which reads the word as "[[Adonai]]" ("Lord") out of respect for the [[names of god|name of God]] and the interpretation of the [[Ten commandments|commandment]] not to take the name of God in vain. The word "{{unicode|haŠem}}", 'the Name' is also used in Jewish contexts; in Samaritan, "{{unicode|Šemå}}" is the normal substitution.<br />
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===In the Kabbalah and Chassidut===<br />
A parallel is often drawn between the four letters of the tetragrammaton and the [[Four Worlds]], whereas the '''<big>י</big>''' is associated with [[Atziluth]], the first '''<big>ה</big>''' with [[Beri'ah]], the '''<big>ו</big>''' with [[Yetzirah]], and final '''<big>ה</big>''' with [[Assiah]].<br />
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===Magical papyri===<br />
The spellings of the tetragrammaton occur among the many combinations and permutations of names of powerful agents that occur in [[Jewish magical papyri]] found in Egypt.<ref>B. Alfrink, ''La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme,'' O.T.S. V (1948) 43-62.</ref> One of these forms is the heptagram {{polytonic|ιαωουηε}}.<ref>K. Preisendanz, ''Papyri Graecae Magicae'', Leipzig-Berlin, I, 1928 and II, 1931.</ref> In the Jewish magical papyri, ''Iave'' and {{polytonic|Iαβα}} ''Yaba'' occurs frequently.<ref>Footnote #9 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See [[Deissmann]], ''Bibelstudien'', 13 sqq."</ref><br />
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In a [[Ethiopic]] Christian list of magical names of Jesus,{{When|date=April 2011}} purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples, ''Yawe'' is found.<ref>Footnote #10 from Page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See Driver, ''Studia Biblica, I. 20." Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11), vol. 15, pp. 312, in the article "JEHOVAH".</ref><br />
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===Aramaic papyri===<br />
<br />
The form ''Yahu'' or ''Yaho'' is attested not only in composition but also by itself in [[Hebrew and Aramaic papyri|Aramaic papyri]].<br />
This is the form reflected as {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} {{IPA-el|ˈʝa.o|}} in [[Greek magical papyri]].<ref>''Aramaic Papyri discovered at Assaan'', B 4,6,II; E 14; J 6; "This doubtless is the original of {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} frequently found in Greek authors and in magical texts as the name of the God of the Jews." ([[EB 1911]])</ref> ({{IPA|[h]}} was not represented by a separate letter in Greek.)<br />
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In its earlier form this opinion rested chiefly on certain misinterpreted testimonies in [[Greek language|Greek]] authors about a god {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} and was conclusively refuted by Baudissin; recent adherents of the theory build more largely on the occurrence in various parts of this territory of proper names of persons and places which they explain as compounds of Yahu or Yah.<ref>Footnote #4 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See a collection and critical estimate of this evidence by Zimmern, ''Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament'', 465 sqq."</ref><br />
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The explanation is in most cases simply an assumption of the point at issue; some of the names have been misread; others are undoubtedly the names of Jews.<br />
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There remain, however, some cases in which it is highly probable that names of non-Israelites are really compounded with Yahweh. The most conspicuous of these is the king of Hamath who in the inscriptions of Sargon (722-705 BCE) is called Yaubi'di and Ilubi'di (compare Jehoiakim-Eliakim). Azriyau, also, in inscriptions of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] (745-728 BCE), who was formerly supposed to be [[Uzziah of Judah]] and/or king of Sam'al, was king of an unknown city-state in northern [[Syria]], probably Hatarikka-Luhuti.<ref>J.D. Hawkins: ''Izrijau'', in ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'' vol. 5, p. 227. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter 1976–1980.</ref> Also, in [[Byblos]] have been found inscriptions telling about the kings named Yehimilk "YH the king" (XI-X BCE)<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=16947&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Inscription de Yehimilk, roi de Byblos (XI-X)], [[UNESCO]], "Memory of the World" program.</ref><ref>Nina Jidejian, Maurice Dunand, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qzuFAAAAIAAJ&dq=Yehimilk+Byblos&q=Yehimilk Byblos through the ages.]'', p. 69, Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publ., 1968.</ref> and Yehawmilk "YHW the king" (V BCE).<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&baseIndex=0&bmLocale=en Yehawmilk stele], [[Louvre]] collection.</ref><ref>[http://history.studentreader.com/phoenician-cities-byblos Phoenician Cities: Byblos], Student Reader.</ref><br />
<br />
Deity named YW is mentioned in the [[Ugarit]]ic text as one of the many sons of [[El (deity)|El]]. KTU 1.1 IV 14 says:<br />
: ''sm . bny . yw . ilt''<br />
"The name of the son of god, YW".<ref>[http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible], site of Quartz Hill School of Theology.</ref><ref name="markssmith">Smith, Mark S. (2001) ''The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516768-6).</ref> That this is a reference to Yahweh, however, has not been widely accepted among scholars, especially since yhwh is entirely absent in all other Ugaritic texts, that the longer form yhwh is likely earlier than the abbreviated yw, and since it is much more probable that the deity referred to in KTU 1.1 IV: 14 is the Ugaritic god Yammu.<ref>van der Toorn, ''Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible," 911; Mark S. Smith, ''The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Volume 1: Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2 (VTSup 55; Leiden: Brill, 1994), 151-52; D. N. Freedman and Michael O'Connor, TDOT 5:510; Marvin H. Pope, ''Syrien: Die Mythologie der Ugariter und Phonizier," in Gotter und Mythen im vorderen Orient (vol. 1, part 1 of Worterbuch Der Mythologie; ed. H. W. Haussig; Suttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag, 1965), 291-92.</ref><br />
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===Mesopotamian texts===<br />
Despite the expectations of earlier years no direct evidence of the name "Yahweh", the tetragrammaton, in Canaanite texts has yet been found.<ref>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, 1999:960 "In no list of gods or offerings is the mysterious god *Ya ever mentioned; his cult at Ebla is a chimera. Yahweh was not known at Ugarit either; the singular name Yw (vocalisation unknown) in a damaged passage of the Baal Cycle (KTU 1.1 "</ref><br />
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====19th century scholarship====<br />
[[Friedrich Delitzsch]] (1902) brought into notice three tablets, of the age of the first dynasty of Babylon, in which he read the names of men called ''Ya-a'-ve-ilu, Ya-ve-ilu, and Ya-u-um-ilu'' (meaning "Yahweh is God"), and which he regarded as conclusive proof that Yahweh was known in Babylonia before 2000 BCE; he was a god of the [[Semitic]] invaders in the second wave of migration, who were, according to Winckler and Delitzsch, of North Semitic stock ([[Canaanite languages|Canaanites]], in the linguistic sense).<ref>Footnote #5 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Babel und Bibel'', 1902. The enormous, and for the most part ephemeral, literature provoked by Delitzsch's lecture cannot be cited here.</ref><br />
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In 1910 the Encyclopædia Britannica stated that we should thus have in the tablets evidence of the worship of Yahweh among the Western Semites at a time long before the rise of Israel. The reading of the names is, however, extremely uncertain, not to say improbable, and the far-reaching inferences drawn from them carry no conviction.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11), vol. 15, pp. 312, in the Article "JEHOVAH".</ref><br />
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In 1903 [[Ernst Sellin]] excavated at [[Ta'annuk]] (the city [[Taanach]] of the [[Book of Joshua]]) a tablet attributed to the 14th century BCE, in which a man is mentioned whose name may be read Ahi-Yawi, equivalent to the Hebrew name [[Ahijah]].<ref>Footnote #6 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Denkschriften d. Wien. Akad''., L. iv. p. 115 seq. (1904)."</ref> If the reading be correct, this would suggest that Yahweh was worshipped in Central Palestine before the Israelite conquest.<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987"/> {{Bibleref2|Genesis|14:17|HE}} describes a meeting between [[Melchizedek]] the king/priest of Salem and Abraham. Both these pre-conquest figures are described as worshipping the same "Most High God" later identified as Yahweh.<br />
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The reading is, however, only one of several possibilities. The fact that the full form Yahweh appears, whereas in Hebrew proper names only the shorter ''Yahu'' and ''Yah'' occur, weighs somewhat against the interpretation, as it does against Delitzsch's reading of his tablets.<br />
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It would not be at all surprising if, in the great movements of populations and shifting of ascendancy which lie beyond our historical horizon, the worship of Yahweh should have been established in regions remote from those which it occupied in historical times; but nothing which we now know warrants the opinion that his worship was ever general among the Western Semites.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
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Many attempts have been made to trace the [[Northwest Semitic]] Yahu back to Babylonia. Thus Delitzsch (1881) formerly derived the name from an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] god, I or [[Enki|Ia]]; or from the Semitic nominative ending, [[Yaw (god)|Yau]];<ref>Footnote #7 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Wo lag das Paradies?'' (1881), pp. 158–166."</ref><br />
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====Modern scholarship====<br />
This deity, Delitzsch's Yahu, has since disappeared from the pantheon of [[Assyriologist]]s. [[Jean Bottéro]] (2000) speculates that the West Semitic Yah/Ia, in fact is a version of the Babylonian God [[Ea (Babylonian god)|Ea]] (Enki), a view given support by the earliest finding of this name at [[Ebla]] during the reign of [[Ebrum]], at which time the city was under [[Mesopotamia]]n hegemony of [[Sargon of Akkad]].<ref>[[Jean Bottéro]] ''Antiqities assyro-babyloniennes (L'Epopee d'Ena)'' Annuaire EPHE (1977–78) 160.</ref><br />
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==Etymology and meaning of YHWH==<br />
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It has most often been proposed that the name YHWH is a verb form derived from the Biblical Hebrew [[triconsonantal]] root היה (''h-y-y'') "to be", which has הוה (''h-w-y'') as a variant form, with a third person masculine ''y-'' prefix.<ref name="The New 1907">''The New [[Brown–Driver–Briggs]]-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic'' by Frances Brown, with the cooperation of S.R. Driver and Charles Briggs (1907), p. 217ff (entry יהוה listed under root הוה).</ref> This would connect it to the passage in verse Exodus 3:14, where God gives his name as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה (Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh), translated most basically as "[[I am that I am]]" (or "I will be that which I now am"). יהוה with the vocalization "Yahweh" could theoretically be a ''hif'il'' verb inflection of root HWH, with a meaning something like "he who causes to exist" or "who gives life" (the root idea of the word perhaps being "to breathe", and hence, "to live").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N#164 |title=Names Of God |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> As a ''qal'' (basic stem) verb inflection, it could mean "he who is, who exists".<ref name="The New 1907"/><br />
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==Pronunciation: the question of which vowels==<br />
The authentic, historically correct pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is not known, and the consensus view at various points in history has not been consistent. The current scholarly consensus is that the vowel diacritic points attached to the written consonants YHWH in the Masoretic orthography of Biblical Hebrew were not intended to represent the vowels of such an authentic and historically correct pronunciation, but this was not always understood by Christian Hebrew scholars. {{listen|filename=He-YHWH.ogg |title=YHWH|description=The pronunciation as it is vowel pointed in the [[Masoretic Text]], certain scholars do not hold the pronunciation to be correct.|format=[[Ogg]]}}<br />
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===Theophoric names===<br />
Yeho or "Y<sup>e</sup>hō-" is the prefix form of "YHWH" used in Hebrew [[theophoric name]]s; the suffix form Yahū" or "-Y<sup>e</sup>hū" is just as common. This has caused two opinions:<br />
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# In former times (at least from c.1650 CE), the prefix pronunciation "Y<sup>e</sup>hō-" was sometimes connected with the full pronunciation "Yehova" derived from combining the Masoretic vowel points for "Adonai" with the consonantal Tetragrammaton YHWH.<br />
# Recently that, as "Yahweh" is likely an [[imperfective]] verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding [[preterite]] or [[jussive]] short form: compare ''{{unicode|yiŝt<sup>a</sup>hawe<sup>h</sup>}}'' (imperfective), ''{{unicode|yiŝtáhû}}'' (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.fortunecity.com/yahuwthah/Resource-577/AnsonLetter.htm |title=AnsonLetter.htm |publisher=Members.fortunecity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref><br />
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Those who argue for argument 1 above are the: [[George Wesley Buchanan]] in ''[[Biblical Archaeology Review]]''; [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/Smithspage953Reland190pixels.JPG Smith’s 1863 ''A Dictionary of the Bible'']; Section # 2.1 ''The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon'' (1848)<ref>The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon'' by [[Benjamin Davidson]] ISBN 0-913573-03-5.</ref> in its article '''{{lang|he|הוה}}'''.<br />
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Smith's 1863 ''A Dictionary of the Bible'' says that "Yahweh" is possible because shortening to "Yahw" would end up as "Yahu" or similar. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N&search=Theophoric%20Names The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901–1906 in the Article:Names Of God] has a very similar discussion, and also gives the form Yo ({{Script/Hebrew|יוֹ}}) contracted from Yeho ({{Script/Hebrew|יְהוֹ}}). The Encyclopædia Britannica<ref>"Jehovhah." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11, vol. 15, 312&nbsp;pp.</ref> also says that "Yeho-" or "Yo" can be explained from "Yahweh", and that the suffix "-yah" can be explained from "Yahweh" better than from "Yehovah".<br />
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Chapter 1 of [http://www.tetragrammaton.org/tetra1.html#chapter1 The Tetragrammaton and the Christian Greek Scriptures], under the heading '''The Pronunciation Of God's Name''' quotes from ''[[Insight on the Scriptures]]'', Volume 2, page 7:<br />
:Hebrew Scholars generally favor "Yahweh" as the most likely pronunciation. They point out that the abbreviated form of the name is Yah ([[Jah]] in the Latinized form), as at {{Bibleref2|Psalm|89:8}} and in the expression Hallelu-Yah (meaning "Praise Yah!" [[imperative mood|imp.]] [[plural|pl.]]).{{Bibleref2c|Ps.|104:35}} {{Bibleref2c-nb|Ps.|150:1,6}} The forms Yeho', Yo, Yah, and Ya'hu, found in the Hebrew spelling of the names of Yehoshaphat, Yoshaphat, Shefatyah, and others, could be derived from Yahweh... Still, there is by no means unanimity among scholars on the subject, some favoring yet other pronunciations, such as "Yahuwa," "Yahuah," or "Yehuah."<br />
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===Using consonants as semi-vowels (v/w)===<br />
In [[Biblical Hebrew language|ancient Hebrew]], the [[Hebrew alphabet#Numerical value and pronunciation|letter {{Script/Hebrew|ו}}]], known to modern Hebrew speakers as ''vav'', [[Hebrew alphabet#Pronunciation of Ancient Hebrew|was]] a semivowel {{IPA|/w/}} (as in English, not as in German) rather than a {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref>(see any Hebrew grammar).</ref> The letter is referred to as ''[[Waw (letter)|waw]]'' in the academic world. Because the ancient pronunciation differs from the modern pronunciation, it is common today to represent {{lang|he|יהוה}} as YHWH rather than YHVH.<br />
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In unpointed Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written and the rest are written only ambiguously, as the vowel letters are also used as consonants (similar to the [[Latin]] use of V to indicate both U and V). See [[Matres lectionis]] for details. For similar reasons, an appearance of the Tetragrammaton in ancient [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] records of the [[13th century BCE]] sheds no light on the original pronunciation.<ref>See pages 128 and 236 of the book "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by archeologist William G. Dever, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2003.</ref> Therefore it is, in general, difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling only, and the Tetragrammaton is a particular example: two of its letters can serve as vowels, and two are vocalic place-holders, which are not pronounced.<br />
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This difficulty occurs somewhat also in Greek when transcribing Hebrew words, because of Greek's lack of a letter for consonant 'y' and (since loss of the [[digamma]]) of a letter for "w", forcing the Hebrew consonants yod and waw to be transcribed into Greek as vowels. Also, non-initial 'h' caused difficulty for Greeks and was liable to be omitted; х ([[chi (letter)|chi]]) was pronounced as 'k' + 'h' (as in modern [[Hindi]] "[[lakh]]") and could not be used to spell 'h' as in [[Modern Greek]] {{lang|el|Χάρρι}} = "Harry", for example.<br />
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===Yahweh or Jahweh===<br />
The Latin pronunciation of the letter I/J as a consonant sound was {{IPAblink|j}}, the 'y' sound of the English word 'you'. This changed in descendent languages into various stronger consonants, including at one point in French {{IPAblink|dʒ}}, the 'j' sound of the word 'juice', and this was the sound the letter came to be used for in English. Thus the English pronunciation of the older form ''Jehovah'' has this 'j' sound, following the English pronunciation of its Latin spelling. In order to preserve the Latin (and approximate Hebrew) pronunciation of ''Jahweh'', however, the English spelling was changed to ''Yahweh''.<br />
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===Examining the vowel points of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}===<br />
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''Jehovah'' is favored by [[Protestantism|Protestant denominations]] as the English spelling of the personal name of God.<br />
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Most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters ''JHVH'' with the vowels of ''Adonai'', but there is some evidence that it may already have been in use in [[Late Antiquity]] (5th century).<br />
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In the table below, ''Yehowah'' and ''Adonai'' are dissected<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #3068<br>YEHOVAH<br>{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}<br />
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #136<br>ADONAY<br>{{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y|| {{hebrew|א}} ||Aleph||[[glottal stop]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ְ}} ||Simple Shewa||E|| {{hebrew|ֲ}} ||Hatef Patah||A<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|ד}} ||Daleth||D<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O|| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ו}} ||Waw||W|| {{hebrew|נ}} ||Nun||N<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Kametz||A|| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Kametz||A<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Note in the table directly above that the "simple shewa" in ''Yehowah'' and the ''hatef patah'' in ''Adonai'' are not the same vowel. The same information is displayed in the table above and to the right where "''YHWH'' intended to be pronounced as ''Adonai''" and "''Adonai'', with its slightly different vowel points" are shown to have different vowel points.<br />
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===Kethib and Qere and Qere perpetuum===<br />
The original consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the [[Masoretes]] to assist reading. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the [[Qere]]) differed from the consonants of the written text (the [[Kethib]]), they wrote the Qere in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowels of the Qere were written on the Kethib. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted: this is called [[Q're perpetuum]].<br />
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One of these frequent cases was the Tetragrammaton, which according to later Jewish practices should not be pronounced, but read as "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}" ("My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or, if the previous or next word already was "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}", or "{{lang|he-Latn|Adoni}}" ("My Lord"), as "{{lang|he-Latn|Elohim}}" ("God"). This combination produces {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}} respectively, [[ghost word|non-words]] that would spell "yehovah" and "yehovih" respectively.<br />
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The oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, such as the [[Aleppo Codex]] and the [[Codex Leningradensis]] mostly write {{Hebrew|יְהוָה}} (yehvah), with no pointing on the first H; this could be because the ''o'' diacritic point plays no useful role in distinguishing between ''Adonai'' and ''Elohim'' (and so is redundant), or could point to the Qere being '{{unicode|Sh<sup>e</sup>ma}}', which is [[Aramaic]] for "the Name".<br />
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===Jehovah===<br />
Later, Christian Europeans who did not know about the [[Q're perpetuum]] custom took these spellings at face value, producing the form "[[Jehovah]]" and spelling variants of it. The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] [1913, Vol. VIII, p.&nbsp;329] states: "Jehovah (Yahweh), the proper name of God in the Old Testament." Had they known about the Q're perpetuum, the term "Jehovah" may have never come into being.<ref>"Job – Introduction, [[Anchor Bible]], volume 15, page XIV and "Jehovah" Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, volume 15.</ref> For more information, see the page [[Jehovah]]. Most scholars recognise Jehovah to be "grammatically impossible" ([[Jewish Encyclopedia]], Vol VII, p.&nbsp;8).<br />
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==={{Lang|he|יַהְוֶה}} = Yahweh===<br />
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In the early 19th century Hebrew scholars were still critiquing "Jehovah" [a.k.a. Iehovah and Iehouah] because they believed that the vowel points of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} did not represent (and were never intended to represent) the vowel sounds of the early authentic pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. The Hebrew scholar [[Wilhelm Gesenius]] [1786–1842] had suggested that the Hebrew punctuation {{lang|he|יַהְוֶה}}, which is transliterated into English as "Yahweh", might more accurately represent the actual pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton than the Biblical Hebrew punctuation "{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}", from which the English name Jehovah has been derived.<br />
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His proposal to read YHWH as "{{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}}" (see image to the right) was based in large part on various Greek transcriptions, such as [[iabe|ιαβε]], dating from the first centuries CE, but also on the forms of theophoric names. In his Hebrew Dictionary, Gesenius supports "Yahweh" (which would have been pronounced {{IPA|[jahwe]}}, with the final letter being silent) because of the Samaritan pronunciation {{polytonic|Ιαβε}} reported by [[Theodoret]], and that the [[theophoric name]] prefixes YHW {{IPA|[jeho]}} and YH {{IPA|[jo]}} can be explained from the form "Yahweh". Today many scholars accept Gesenius's proposal to read YHWH as {{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}}. Gesenius' proposal gradually became accepted as the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton.<br />
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Delitzsch prefers "{{Hebrew|יַהֲוָה}}" ({{unicode|yah<sup>a</sup>vah}}) since he considered the [[shewa quiescens]] below {{lang|he|ה}} ungrammatical. In his 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith prefers the form "{{Hebrew|יַהֲוֶה}}" (yah<sup>a</sup>veh). Many other variations have been proposed.<br />
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===The Leningrad Codex of 1008–1010===<br />
Vowel points were added to the Tetragrammaton by the [[Masoretes]], in the first millennium.<br />
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Six Hebrew spellings of the Tetragrammaton are found in the [[Leningrad Codex]] of 1008–1010, as shown below. The entries in the Close Transcription column are not intended to indicate how the name was intended to be pronounced by the Masoretes, but only how the word would be pronounced if read without ''[[Q're and Ketib|q're perpetuum]]''.<br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Chapter & Verse||Hebrew Spelling||Close transcription||Ref.||Explanation<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Genesis 3:14</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhōwāh}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Gen3:14-3:14 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||This is the most common set of vowels, which are essentially the vowels from Adonai (with the hataf patah reverting to its natural state as a shewa).<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Judges 16:28</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהוָה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhwāh}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Judges16:28 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||This is the same as above, but with the dot over the holam/waw left out, because it is a little redundant.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Judges 16:28</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yĕhōwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Judg16:28-16:28 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||When the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives the vowels from the name Elohim instead. The hataf segol does not revert to a shewa because doing so could lead to confusion with the vowels in Adonai.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Genesis 15:2</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יֱהוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yĕhwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Gen15:2-15:2 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Just as above, this uses the vowels from Elohim, but like the second version, the dot over the holam/waw is omitted as redundant.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>1 Kings 2:26</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהֹוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhōwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#1%20Kings2:26-2:26 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Here, the dot over the holam/waw is present, but the hataf segol does get reverted to a shewa.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Ezekiel 24:24</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Ezek24:24-24:24 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Here, the dot over the holam/waw is omitted, and the hataf segol gets reverted to a shewa.<br />
|}<br />
'''{{unicode|ĕ}}''' is [[hataf segol]]; '''{{unicode|ǝ}}''' is the pronounced form of plain [[shewa]].<br />
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The ''o'' diacritic dot over the letter waw is often omitted because it plays no useful role in distinguishing between the two intended pronunciations Adonai and Elohim (which both happen to have an ''o'' vowel in the same position).<br />
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[[Gérard Gertoux]] wrote that in the Leningrad Codex, the [[Masoretes]] used 7 different vowel pointings [i.e., 7 different [[Q're]]'s] for YHWH. [Note that one of these different vowel pointings is not a true variant, but was the result of the addition of an inseparable preposition to YHWH]<ref>refer to the table on page 144 of Gérard Gertoux's book ''The Name of God Y.EH.OW.Ah which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH''.</ref> A version of the BHS text, which is derived from the Leningrad Codex, is used to translate the Old Testament of almost all English Bibles other than the King James Bible. The Brown–Driver–Briggs Lexicon of 1905 shows only two different vowel pointings [ i.e. variants ] of YHWH are found in the Ben Chayyim Hebrew Text of 1525, which underlies the Old Testament of the King James Bible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/bdbandstrong290.jpg |title=villagephotos.com}}</ref><br />
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===The vocalizations of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}} are not identical===<br />
The [[schwa]] in YHWH (the vowel under the first letter, <big>{{Script/Hebrew|ְ}}</big>) and the [[niqqud|hataf patakh]] in 'DNY (the vowel under its first letter, <big>{{Script/Hebrew|ֲ}}</big>), appear different. One reason suggested{{Who|date=January 2009}} is that the spelling {{lang|he|יֲהֹוָה }} (with the hataf patakh) risks that a reader might start pronouncing "Yah", which is a form of the Name, thus completing the first half of the full Name.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Alternatively, the vocalization can be attributed to [[Biblical Hebrew]] [[phonology]],<ref>Lambdin, Thomas O.: ''Introduction to Biblical Hebrew'', London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.</ref> where the hataf patakh is grammatically identical to a schwa, always replacing every [[niqqud|schwa naḥ]] under a [[guttural|guttural letter]]. Since the first letter of {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}} is a guttural letter, while the first letter of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} is not, the hataf patakh under the (guttural) [[aleph]] reverts to a regular schwa under the (non-guttural) [[yodh]].<br />
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===Josephus's description of vowels===<br />
[[Josephus]] in ''[[Jewish Wars]]'', chapter V, verse 235, wrote "{{polytonic|τὰ ἱερὰ γράμματα*ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ φωνήεντα τέσσαρα}}" ("''...[engraved with] the holy letters; and they are four [[vowel]]s''"), presumably because Hebrew [[yod (letter)|yod]] and [[waw (letter)|waw]], even if consonantal, would have to be transcribed into the Greek of the time as vowels.<br />
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===Conclusions===<br />
Various people draw various conclusions from this Greek material.<br />
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[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] writes in his 1863 [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/yahwehfromiabe660pixels.JPG "A Dictionary of the Bible"] about the different Hebrew forms supported by these Greek forms:<br />
<br />
: ... The votes of others are divided between {{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}} (yahveh) or {{Hebrew|יַהֲוֶה}} (yah<sup>a</sup>veh), supposed to be represented by the {{polytonic|Ιαβέ}} of Epiphanius mentioned above, and {{Hebrew|יַהְוָה}} (yahvah) or {{Hebrew|יַהֲוָה}} (yah<sup>a</sup>vah), which Fürst holds to be the Ιευώ of Porphyry, or the {{polytonic|Ιαού}} of Clemens Alexandrinus.<br />
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==Usage: the question of whether to say the name out loud==<br />
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===In Judaism===<br />
====Usage of the name in Bible times====<br />
{{Bibleref2|Exod.|3:15}} is used to support the use of the Name YHWH: "this is My name for ever, and this is My memorial unto all generations."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#15 |title=15 And God said moreover unto Moses: 'Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel: The LORD, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you; this is My name for ever, and this is My memorial unto all generations |publisher=mechon-mamre.org |accessdate=7 October 2010}}</ref> The word "forever" is "le'olam" which in biblical Hebrew means "always, continually".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=לעולם |title=Morphix Dictionary}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many Scriptures do favour the use of the name. The biblical law does not prohibit the use of the name, but it warns against "misuse", "blaspheming" or in ordinary terms, "taking lightly" the name of YHWH. The Biblical texts suggest the people of the Bible—including the patriarchs—used the name of YHWH. A wealth of scriptures support this notion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen.%2012:8;%2013:18;%2021:33;%2022:14;%2026:%2026,%2028:21;%20Exodus%2020:7%20and%20Deuteronomy%205:11;&version=31; |title=Genesis 12:8; Genesis 13:18; Genesis 21:33; Genesis 22:14; Genesis 26:26; Genesis 28:21 (New International Version) |publisher=biblegateway.com |accessdate=7 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Substitution of HaShem or Adonai====<br />
Observant Jews write down but do not pronounce the Tetragrammaton, because it is considered too sacred to be used for common activities. Even ordinary prayer is considered too common for this use. The Tetragrammaton was pronounced by the high priest on [[Yom Kippur]] when [[Temple in Jerusalem|the temple]] was standing in Jerusalem. Since the destruction of [[Second Temple of Jerusalem]] in CE 70, the Tetragrammaton is no longer pronounced, and while Jewish [[kabbalistic]] tradition holds that the correct pronunciation is known to a select few people in each generation, it is not generally known what this pronunciation is. Instead, common Jewish use has been to substitute the name "{{lang|he-Latn|[[Adonai]]}}" ("My Lord") where the Tetragrammaton appears.<br />
<br />
The [[Masoretes]] added vowel points ([[niqqud]]) and [[cantillation]] marks to the manuscripts to indicate vowel usage and for use in the ritual chanting of readings from the [[Bible]] in [[synagogue]] [[Jewish services|services]]. To {{lang|he|יהוה}} they added the vowels for "{{lang|he-Latn|[[Adonai]]}}" ("My Lord"), the word to use when the text was read.<br />
<br />
Many Jews will not use "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}" except when praying, and substitute other terms, e.g., {{unicode|haŠem}} ("The Name") or the [[nonsense word]] Ado-Shem, to avoid misuse of the divine name. In written English, "[[G-d]]" is a substitute used by some Jews.<br />
<br />
Parts of the [[Talmud]], particularly those dealing with [[Yom Kippur]], seem to imply{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced in several ways, with only one (not explained in the text, and apparently kept by [[oral tradition]] by the [[Kohen Gadol]]) being the personal name of God.<br />
<br />
In late kabbalistic works the Tetragrammaton is sometimes referred to as the name of Havayah—{{lang|he|הוי'ה}}, meaning "the Name of Being/Existence".<br />
<br />
Translators often render YHWH as a word meaning "Lord", e.g., Greek {{polytonic|Κυριος}}, Latin ''{{lang|la|Dominus}}'', and following that, English "the {{LORD}}", Welsh ''{{lang|cy|Arglwydd}}'', etc. However, all of the above are inaccurate translations of the Tetragrammaton.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
<br />
Because the name was no longer pronounced and its own vowels were not written, its pronunciation was forgotten. When later Christians groups, outside the major Christian Catholic denominations, unaware of the Jewish tradition, started to read the Hebrew Bible, they read {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} as written with YHWH's consonants with {{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}'s vowels{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}, and thus said or transcribed '''Iehovah'''. Today this transcription is generally recognized as mistaken; however many religious groups continue to use the form Jehovah because it is familiar.<br />
<br />
[[Josephus]], who as a priest knew the pronunciation of the name, declares that religion forbids him to divulge it.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Philo]] calls it [[ineffable]], and says that it is lawful for those only whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place (that is, for priests in the Temple). In another passage, commenting on Lev. xxiv. 15 seq.: "If any one, I do not say should [[blaspheme]] against the Lord of men and gods, but should even dare to utter his name unseasonably, let him expect the penalty of death."<ref>Footnote #3 from page 311 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See Josephus, ''Ant''. ii. 12, 4; Philo, ''Vita Mosis'', iii. II (ii. 114, ed. Cohn and Wendland); ib. iii. 27 (ii. 206). The [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] authorities more correctly interpreted Lev. xxiv. 15 seq., not of the mere utterance of the name, but of the use of the name of God in blaspheming God."</ref><br />
<br />
Various motives may have concurred to bring about the suppression of the name:<br />
<br />
# An instinctive feeling that a proper name for God implicitly recognizes the existence of other gods may have had some influence; reverence and the fear lest the holy name should be profaned among the heathen.<br />
# Desire to prevent abuse of the name in [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]]. If so, the secrecy had the opposite effect; the name of the God of the Jews was one of the great names, in magic, heathen as well as Jewish, and miraculous efficacy was attributed to the mere utterance of it.<br />
# Avoiding risk of the Name being used as an angry [[Expletive attributive|expletive]], as reported in [[Leviticus]] 24:11 in the [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
In the [[liturgy]] of the [[Temple]] the name was pronounced in the [[priest]]ly [[benediction]] (Num. vi. 27) after the regular daily sacrifice (in the [[synagogue]]s a substitute (probably Adonai) was used);<ref>Footnote #4 from page 311 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Siphre'', Num. f 39, 43; ''M. Sotak'', iii. 7; ''Sotah'', 38a. The tradition that the utterance of the name in the daily benedictions ceased with the death of Simeon the Just, two centuries or more before the Christian era, perhaps arose from a misunderstanding of Menahoth, 109b; in any case it cannot stand against the testimony of older and more authoritative texts.</ref> on the [[Yom Kippur|Day of Atonement]] the High Priest uttered the name ten times in his [[prayer]]s and benediction.<br />
<br />
According to the [[Talmud]], in the last generations before the fall of [[Jerusalem]], however, it was pronounced in a low tone so that the sounds were lost in the chant of the priests.<ref>''[[Yoma]]'', 39b; ''[[Jerusalem Talmud|Jer.]] Yoma'',iii. 7; ''[[Kiddushin]]'', 71a." ([[:wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jehovah#cite note-3|cited after]] [[EB 1911]])</ref><br />
<br />
====In later Judaism====<br />
After the destruction of the Temple (70 CE) the liturgical use of the name ceased, but the tradition was perpetuated in the schools of the [[rabbi]]s.<ref>Footnote #1 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads:"R. Johannan (second half of the 3rd century), ''Kiddushin'', 71a."</ref> It was certainly known in [[Babylonia]] in the latter part of the 4th century.<ref>Footnote #2 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads:"Kiddushin, ''l.c. = Pesahim'', 50a".</ref> Nor was the knowledge confined to these pious circles; the name continued to be employed by healers, [[exorcist]]s and magicians, and has been preserved in many places in magical papyri.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}<br />
<br />
The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the [[Mishna]]—''He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!''<ref>Footnote #3 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''M. Sanhedrin'', x.I; Abba Saul, end of 2nd century."</ref>—suggests that this misuse of the name was not uncommon among Jews.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Modern observant [[Jews]] no longer voice the name {{lang|he|יהוה}} aloud. It is believed to be [[Names of god in judaism#Pronouncing the tetragrammaton|too sacred to be uttered]] and is often referred to as the 'Ineffable', 'Unutterable' or 'Distinctive Name'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/name.htm |title=Judaism 101 on the Name of God |publisher=jewfaq.org}}</ref><ref>For example, see {{cite book |author=Saul Weiss and Joseph Dov Soloveitchik |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rmmRRNYXb7kC&pg=PA9&dq=YKVK |page=9 |title=Insights of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik |isbn=9780742544697 |date=2005-02 }} and {{cite book |author=Minna Rozen |title=Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th century |page=67 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Pt50fMlgKuMC&pg=PA67&dq=YKVK |isbn=9783161457708 |year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Among the Samaritans====<br />
The [[Samaritan]]s, who otherwise shared the scruples of the Jews about the utterance of the name, seem to have used it in judicial oaths to the scandal of the rabbis.<ref>''[[Jerusalem Talmud|Jer.]] [[Sanhedrin]]'', x.I; R. Mana, 4th century (cited after [[EB 1911]]).</ref> (Their priests have preserved a liturgical pronunciation "Yahwe" or "Yahwa" to the present day.)<ref>Montgomery, ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', xxv. (1906), 49-51 (cited after [[EB 1911]])</ref> However, the Aramaic "Shema" (שמא) remains the everyday (including liturgical) usage of the name, akin to השם (Hebrew "HaShem").<br />
<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987"/><br />
<br />
====In Modern Judaism====<br />
The new [[Jewish Publication Society]] [[Tanakh]] 1985 follows the traditional convention of translating the Divine Name as "the LORD" (in all caps). The [[Artscroll]] [[Tanakh]] translates the Divine Name as "HaShem" (literally, "The Name").<br />
<br />
When the Divine Name is read during prayer, "Adonai" ("My Lord") is substituted. However, when practicing a prayer or referring to one, Orthodox Jews will say either "HaShem" or "AdoShem" instead of "Adonai". When speaking to another person "HaShem" is used.<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987">Stanley S. Seidner,"HaShem: Uses through the Ages." Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA,1987.</ref><br />
<br />
===In Christianity===<br />
====Early Greek and Latin forms====<br />
The writings of the [[Church Fathers]] contain several references to forms of the Tetragrammaton in Greek or Latin. It should be noted that the Greek form of the divine name, "Iao", is the equivalent of the Hebrew trigrammaton YHW.<ref>Bezalel Porten, ''Archives from Elephantine: The life of an ancient Jewish military colony'', 1968, University of California Press, pp. 105, 106.</ref><br />
<br />
The oldest complete [[Septuagint]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] Old Testament) versions, from around the 2nd century CE, consistently use {{polytonic|Κυριος}} (= "[[Lord]]"), where the Hebrew has YHWH, corresponding to substituting Adonay for YHWH in reading the original; in books written in Greek in this period (e.g., Wisdom, 2 and 3 Maccabees), as in the [[New Testament]], {{polytonic|Κυριος}} takes the place of the name of God. However, older fragments contain the name YHWH.<ref>The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Volume 2, p. 512.</ref> In the [[Papyrus Rylands 458|P. Ryl. 458]] (perhaps the oldest extant [[Septuagint]] manuscript) there are blank spaces, leading some scholars to believe that the Tetragrammaton must have been written where these breaks or blank spaces are.<ref>Paul Kahle, The Cairo Geniza (Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1959) p. 222.</ref><br />
<br />
Greek fragment of Leviticus (26:2-16) discovered in the Dead Sea scrolls (Qumran) has ιαω [iao].<br />
<br />
Also historian [[John the Lydian|Lydus]] (6th century) wrote: ''"The Roman [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varo]] [116-27 BCE] defining him [that is the Jewish God] says that he is called Iao in the Chaldean mysteries"'' (De Mensibus IV 53).<br />
<br />
Van Cooten mentions that Iao is one of the "''specifically Jewish designations for God''" and "''the Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine show that 'Iao' is an original Jewish term''".<ref>Stern M., ''Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism'' (1974-84) 1:172; Schafer P., ''Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World'' (1997) 232; Cowley A., ''Aramaic Papyri of the 5th century'' (1923); Kraeling E.G., ''The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the 5th century BCE from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine'' (1953)</ref><ref>Sufficient examination of the subject is available at Sean McDonough's ''YHWH at Patmos'' (1999), pp 116 to 122 and George van Kooten's ''The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses'' (2006), pp 114, 115, 126-136. It worths to mention a foundamental though aged source about the subject: Adolf Deissmann's ''[http://www.archive.org/details/biblestudiescont00deisrich Bible studies: Contributions chiefly from papyri and inscriptions to the history of the language, the literature, and the religion of Hellenistic Judaism and primitive Christianity]'' (1909), at chapter "Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton".</ref><br />
<br />
====Patristic writings====<br />
According to the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1907) and B.D. Eerdmans:<ref>B.D. Eerdmans, The Name Jahu, O.T.S. V (1948) 1-29.</ref><br />
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] (1st century BCE) writes<ref>"Among the Jews Moses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao (Gr. Ιαώ)." (Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica'' I, 94:2)</ref> {{polytonic|Ἰαῶ}} (Iao);<br />
* [[Irenaeus]] (d. c. 202) reports<ref>Irenaeus, "[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]"<!-- "Adv. Haer." -->, II, xxxv, 3, in P. G., VII, col. 840.</ref> that the Gnostics formed a compound {{polytonic|Ἰαωθ}} (Iaoth) with the last syllable of [[Sabaoth]]. He also reports<ref>Irenaeus, "[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]"<!-- "Adv. Haer." -->, I, iv, 1, in P.G., VII, col. 481.</ref> that the [[Gnosticism|Valentinian heretics]] use {{polytonic|Ἰαῶ}} (Iao);<br />
* [[Clement of Alexandria]] (d. c. 215)<ref>Clement, "Stromata", V, 6, in P.G., IX, col. 60.</ref> writes {{polytonic|Ἰαοὺ}} (Iaou)—see also below;<br />
* [[Origen of Alexandria]] (d. c. 254),<ref>Origen, "In Joh.", II, 1, in P.G., XIV, col. 105.</ref> Iao<!-- probably not Ἰαο -->;<br />
* [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (d. c. 305) according to [[Eusebius]] (d. 339),<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio Evangelica]]'' I, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 72 A; and also ibid. X, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 808 B.</ref> {{polytonic|Ἰευώ}} (Ieuo);<br />
* [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] (d. 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives<ref>Epiphanius, ''[[Panarion]]'', I, iii, 40, in P.G., XLI, col. 685.</ref><!-- Ἰα --> Ia and Iabe (one codex Iaue);<!-- possibly Ἰαβέ --><br />
* (Pseudo-) [[Jerome]] (4th/5th century),<ref>"nomen Domini apud Hebraeos quatuor litterarum est, ''jod, he, vau, he'': quod proprie Dei vocabulum sonat: et legi potest JAHO, et Hebraei {{polytonic|ἄῤῥητον}}, id est, ineffabile opinatur." ("Breviarium in Psalmos. Psalm. viii.", in P.L., XXVI, col. 838 A). This work was traditionally attributed to [[Jerome]], but authenticity has been doubted or denied since modern times. But "now believed to be genuine and to be dated before CE 392" [[Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft|ZATW]] (W. de Gruyter, 1936. page 266)</ref> ''(tetragrammaton) can be read Iaho'';<br />
* [[Theodoret]] (d. c. 457) writes {{polytonic|Ἰάω}} (Iao);<ref>"the word Nethinim means in Hebrew 'gift of Iao', that is the God who is" (Theodoret, "Quaest. in I Paral.", cap. ix, in P. G., LXXX, col. 805 C)</ref> he also reports<ref>Theodoret, "Ex. quaest.", xv, in P. G., LXXX, col. 244 and "Haeret. Fab.", V, iii, in P. G., LXXXIII, col. 460.</ref> that the [[Samaritans]] say {{polytonic|Ἰαβέ}}<!-- Ἰαβέ? --> or {{polytonic|Ἰαβαί}} (both pronounced at that time /ja'vε/), while the Jews say {{polytonic|Ἀϊά}} (Aia).<ref>Footnote #8 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''{{polytonic|Aïα}}'' occurs also in the great magical papyrus of Paris, 1. 3020 (Wessely, Denkschrift. Wien. Akad., Phil. Hist. Kl., XXXVI. p. 120) and in the Leiden Papyrus, Xvii. 31."</ref> (The latter is probably not {{lang|he|יהוה}} but {{lang|he|אהיה}} Ehyeh = "I am " or "I will be", {{Bibleref2|Exod.|3:14}} which the Jews counted among the names of God.)<br />
* [[James of Edessa]] (d. 708),<ref>cf. Lamy, "La science catholique", 1891, p. 196.</ref> Jehjeh;<br />
* [[Jerome]] (d. 420)<ref>Jerome, "Ep. xxv ad Marcell.", in P. L., XXII, col. 429.</ref> speaks of certain ignorant Greek writers who transcribed the Hebrew Divine name {{lang|he|יהוה}} as {{Polytonic|ΠΙΠΙ}}.<br />
<br />
=====Clement's Stromata=====<br />
[[Clement of Alexandria]] writes in ''[[Stromata]]'' V, 6:34–35:<br />
<br />
: {{polytonic|"Πάλιν τὸ παραπέτασμα τῆς εἰς τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων παρόδου, κίονες τέτταρες αὐτόθι, ἁγίας μήνυμα τετράδος διαθηκῶν παλαιῶν, ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ τετράγραμμον ὄνομα τὸ μυστικόν, ὃ περιέκειντο οἷς μόνοις τὸ ἄδυτον βάσιμον ἦν· λέγεται δὲ '''Ἰαού''', ὃ μεθερμηνεύεται ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἐσόμενος. Καὶ μὴν καὶ καθʼ Ἕλληνας θεὸς τὸ ὄνομα τετράδα περιέχει γραμμάτων."}} ([http://books.google.gr/books?id=RSsQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1&source=bl&ots=O845wwgS_Z&sig=jTGtJJakU7eXefisaiAiQLbyiXI&hl=el&ei=FHQMS6L0Osee_gaIruSuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%20%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1&f=false Reinhold Koltz] text)<br />
<br />
The translation<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.v.vi.html<br />
|title=ANF02. Fathers of the 2nd century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria, Chapter VI.—The Mystic Meaning of the Tabernacle and its Furniture.<br />
|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library<br />
|accessdate=2010-09-27}}]</ref> of Clement's ''Stromata'' in Volume II of the classic Ante-Nicene Fathers series renders this as:<br />
<br />
: "... Further, the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the "adytum" was accessible, is called '''Jave''', which is interpreted, 'Who is and shall be.' The name of God, too [i.e., θεὸς], among the Greeks contains four letters."<ref>{{cite book<br />
|editor= The Rev. Alexander Roberts, D.D, and James Donaldson, LL.D.<br />
|title= The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. II: Fathers of the 2nd century |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.i.html<br />
|accessdate= 2006–12–19<br />
|edition=American reprint of the Edinburgh<br />
|page=452<br />
|chapter=VI. The Mystic Meaning of the Tabernacle and Its Furniture<br />
|chapterurl=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.v.vi.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Of Clement's ''Stromata'' there is only one surviving manuscript, the Codex L (Codex Laurentianus V 3), from the 11th century. Other sources are later copies of that ms. and a few dozen quotations from this work by other authors. For ''Stromata'' V,6:34, Codex L has {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}}.<!--See also Migne's P.G., IX,col. 60.--> The critical edition by Otto Stählin (1905)<ref>"''[http://www.archive.org/details/clemensalexandr00berlgoog Clemens Alexandrinus Werke], eds. Stählin. O. and Fruechtel. L. (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, 15), 3. Auflage, Berlin, 1960.</ref> gives the forms<br />
<br />
: "Ἰαουέ Didymus Taurinensis de pronunc. divini nominis quatuor literarum (Parmae 1799) p. 32ff, {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}} L, {{polytonic|ἰὰ οὐαὶ}} Nic., {{polytonic|ἰὰ οὐὲ}} Mon. 9.82 Reg. 1888 Taurin. III 50 (bei Did.), {{polytonic|ἰαοῦε}} Coisl. Seg. 308 Reg. 1825."<br />
<br />
and has {{polytonic|Ἰαουε}} in the running text. The Additions and Corrections page gives a reference to an author who rejects the change of {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}} into {{polytonic|Ἰαουε}}.<ref>Richard Ganschinietz, "Iao" in ''Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' 9.1:700.28.</ref><br />
<br />
Other editors give similar data. A ''{{lang|la|catena}}'' (Latin: chain) referred to by A. le Boulluec<ref>Clément d'Alexandrie. Stromate V. Tome I: Introduction, texte critique et index, par A. Le Boulluec, Traduction de † P. Voulet, S.J.; Tome II : Commentaire, bibliographie et index, par A. Le Boulluec, [[Sources Chrétiennes]] n° 278 et 279, Editions du Cerf, Paris 1981. (Tome I, pp. 80, 81).</ref> ("Coisl. 113 fol. 368v") and by [http://www.villagephotos.com/members/viewimage.asp?id_=14021882 Smith’s 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible"] ("a catena to the [[Pentateuch]] in a MS. at [[Turin]]") is reported to have "{{polytonic|ια ουε}}".<!-- Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible" [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/1863Smithsoniaou.JPG] --><br />
<br />
<!-- 1911 EB is redundant now—[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/IaouFootnote.jpg] --><br />
<!-- [http://members.fortunecity.com/yahuwthah/Resource-577/AnsonLetter.htm] --><br />
<br />
====Christian translations into Greek and Latin====<br />
The [[Septuagint]] (Greek translation) and [[Vulgate]] (Latin translation) use the word "Lord" ({{lang|el|κύριος}}, ''kyrios'', and {{lang|la|dominus}}, respectively).<br />
<br />
====Christian Bible translations into English====<br />
<br />
* The [[Jerusalem Bible|New Jerusalem Bible]] (1966) uses "Yahweh" exclusively.<br />
* The [[Bible In Basic English]] (1949/1964) uses "Yahweh" eight times, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}.<br />
* The [[New English Bible]] (NT 1961, OT 1970) generally uses the word "L<small>ORD</small>" but uses "J<small>EHOVAH</small>" several times.<ref>[[Jehovah#Usage in English|Usage in English]]</ref> For examples of both forms, see Exodus Chapter 3 and footnote to verse 15.<br />
* The [[Amplified Bible]] (1954/1987). At {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:3}} the AB says "but by My name the Lord [Yahweh--the redemptive name of God] I did not make Myself known to them."<br />
* [[The Living Bible]] (1971). "Jehovah" or "Lord".<ref>The Living Bible, "Jehovah" or "Lord" per text or footnotes. e.g. Genesis 7:16; 8:21; Exodus 3:15.</ref><br />
* The [[Young's Literal Translation]] (Version) – "Jehovah" since Genesis 2:4<br />
* The [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]] (1999/2002) uses "Yahweh" over 50 times, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}.<br />
* The [[World English Bible]] (WEB) [a Public Domain work with no copyright] uses "Yahweh" some 6837 times.<br />
* The [[New Living Translation]] (1996/2004) uses "Yahweh" eight times{{Verify source|date=January 2010}}, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}. The Preface of the New Living Translation: Second Edition says that in a few cases they have used the name Yahweh (for example 3:15; 6:2–3).<br />
* Rotherham's [[Emphasized Bible]] retains "Yahweh" throughout the Old Testament.<br />
* The [[Anchor Bible]] retains "Yahweh" throughout the Old Testament.<br />
* The [[King James Version]]. Rendered in seven instances as "Jehovah", i.e. four times as the name of God, {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:3}}; [[Psalm 83]]:18; Isa 12:2; 26:4, and three times where it is included in Hebrew place-names e.g. "Jehovah-jireh" -Gen 22:14. (See also Ex 17:15; Judges 6:24)<br />
** Note: Elsewhere in the KJV, "L<small>ORD</small>" is generally used. But in verses such as Gen 15:2; 28:13, Psalm 71:5, Amos 1:8, 9:5 etc. where this practice would result in ‘Lord L<small>ORD</small>’ (Hebrew: ''Adonay YHWH'') or ‘L<small>ORD</small> Lord’ (''YHWH Adonay'') the KJV translates the Hebrew text as ‘Lord G<small>OD</small>’ or ‘L<small>ORD</small> God’.<br />
* The [[American Standard Version]] uses "Jehovah".<br />
* The [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]] uses Jehovah over 7,000 times in translations of both the Hebrew and Greek scriptures.<br />
<br />
====Translations of the New Testament into Hebrew====<br />
* [[Franz Delitzsch|Delitzsch's]] translation of the New Testament into Hebrew (1877) frequently uses the tetragrammaton, i.e. Hebrew ({{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}), particularly in verses where the New Testament quotes or makes reference to Old Testament texts.<br />
<br />
====Tetragrammaton in the New Testament====<br />
<br />
Since the Tetragrammaton does not appear in the Greek manuscripts of the [[New Testament]], virtually all translations refrain from inserting it into the English. The vast majority of New Testament translations therefore render the Greek ''kyrios'' as "lord" and ''theos'' as "God". Nevertheless, the [[Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition]] inserts the name ''Yahweh'' in the New Testament, while the [[New World Translation]] inserts the name ''Jehovah'' in the New Testament.<br />
<br />
====Catholic Church====<br />
<br />
In the [[Catholic Church]], the first edition of the official Vatican ''[[Nova Vulgata]] Bibliorum Sacrorum'', published in 1979, used the form ''Iahveh'' for rendering the Tetragrammaton.<ref>"Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Iahveh (Qui est), Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." (Exodus 3:15).</ref> Later editions of this version replaced "Iahveh" with "Dominus", in keeping with a long-standing Catholic tradition of avoiding direct usage of the Ineffable Name.<br />
<br />
On August 8, 2008, Bishop [[Arthur J. Serratelli]], chairman of the American bishops' "Committee on Divine Worship", announced a new directive from the [[Holy See|Vatican]] regarding the use of the name of ''God'' in the sacred liturgy. "Specifically, the word 'Yahweh' may no longer be 'used or pronounced' in songs and prayers during liturgical celebrations."<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title = CNS STORY: No 'Yahweh' in songs, prayers at Catholic Masses, Vatican rules<br />
|accessdate = 2009–07–29<br />
|url = http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0804119.htm}}</ref> In fact, for most of the Church's 2,000-year history use of the name was prohibited in public worship, out of respect for the Divine Name, according to Catholic tradition. After [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–65), some songs and hymns had begun to use the Tetragrammaton, which caused the Vatican to issue a clarification that the Divine Name was not to be used. Hymnals with these hymns have since inserted the word "Lord God" or other two-syllable alternatives in the place of the Tetragrammaton.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jehovah]]<br />
* [[Papyrus Fouad 266]]<br />
* [[Psalm 83]]<br />
* [[Tetragrammaton in the New Testament]]<br />
* [[Yahweh]], [[Jah]] or ([[Names of God in Judaism#Yah|Yah]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book|last=van der Toorn|first=Karel|title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-80282-491-9}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons-inline}}<br />
*{{Cite EB1911|W1EC=1|wstitle=Tetragrammaton}}<br />
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[[Category:Yahweh]]<br />
[[Category:Tetragrammaton| ]]<br />
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]<br />
[[Category:Judaic inscriptions]]<br />
[[nl:JHWH]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&diff=984Tetragrammaton2012-06-11T10:39:18Z<p>Lidewij: fix</p>
<hr />
<div>The term '''Tetragrammaton''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''τετραγράμματον'', meaning "[a word] having four letters")<ref>It originates from ''tetra'' "four" + ''gramma'' (gen. ''grammatos'') "letter") {{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=tetragrammaton |title=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> refers to the [[Names of God in Judaism|name of the God of Israel]] '''YHWH''' ({{lang-he|יהוה}}) used in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Primary evidence: Occurrences in written texts==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Hebrew Bible===<br />
The Tetragrammaton occurs 6,828 times in the Hebrew text of both the [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|Biblia Hebraica]] and [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]].<ref name="insight"/> The only books it does not appear in are the [[Song of Songs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], and [[Book of Esther|Esther]]. It first appears in the Hebrew text in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:4.<ref name="insight">{{cite book<br />
|title=Insight on the Scriptures<br />
|volume=vol. 2<br />
|page=8<br />
|publisher=Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania<br />
|chapter=Importance of the Name<br />
|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
|title=The Bible translator<br />
|volume=vol. 56<br />
|page=71<br />
|publisher=United Bible Societies<br />
|year=2005}}; {{cite book<br />
|title=Nelson's expository dictionary of the Old Testament<br />
|page=229<br />
|publisher=Merrill Frederick Unger, William White<br />
|year=1980}}</ref> The letters, properly read from right to left (in Biblical Hebrew), are:<br />
:{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Hebrew !! Letter name !! Pronunciation<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''י'''}}</span><br />
| [[Yodh]]<br />
| "Y"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ה'''}}</span><br />
| [[He (letter)|He]]<br />
| "H"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ו'''}}</span><br />
| [[vav (letter)|Waw]]<br />
| "W", or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see [[mater lectionis]])<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Hebrew|'''ה'''}}</span><br />
| [[He (letter)|He]]<br />
| "H" (or often a [[silent letter]] at the end of a word)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Frequency of use in scripture====<br />
According to the [[Brown-Driver-Briggs]] Lexicon, {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} (Qr {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}) occurs 6,518 times, and {{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}} (Qr {{lang|he|אֱלֹהִים}}) occurs 305 times in the [[Masoretic]] Text.<br />
<br />
It appears 6,823 times in the Jewish Bible, according to the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], and 6,828 times each in the ''[[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|Biblia Hebraica]]'' and ''[[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]'' texts of the Hebrew Scriptures. This number in itself is quite remarkable considering the name compared with titles given to God, namely: [http://www.4yhwh.com/YHWH.htm God (2,605), Almighty (48), Lord (40), Maker (25), Creator (7), Father (7), Ancient of Days (3) and Grand Instructor (2).]<br />
<br />
===[[Dead Sea scrolls]] Hebrew and Aramaic texts===<br />
These scrolls are unvocalized. Many of these scrolls write (only) the tetragrammaton in [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|paleo-Hebrew script]], showing that the Name was treated specially. See [http://www.lectio.unibe.ch/05_2/troyer_names_of_god.htm this link].<br />
<br />
===Dead Sea scrolls Greek texts===<br />
===Loss of the Tetragrammaton in the Septuagint===<br />
[[Septuagint]] study does give some credence to the possibility that the Divine Name appeared in its original texts. Dr [[Sidney Jellicoe]] concluded that "[[Paul E. Kahle|Kahle]] is right in holding that LXX [''= Septuagint''] texts, written by Jews for Jews, retained the Divine Name in Hebrew Letters (palaeo-Hebrew or Aramaic) or in the Greek-letters imitative form ''ΠΙΠΙ'', and that its replacement by ''Κύριος'' was a Christian innovation."<ref>Sidney Jellicoe, ''Septuagint and Modern Study'' (Eisenbrauns, 1989, ISBN 0-931464-00-5) pp. 271, 272.</ref> Jellicoe draws together evidence from a great many scholars (B. J. Roberts, Baudissin, Kahle and C.H. Roberts) and various segments of the Septuagint to draw the conclusions that: a) the absence of "Adonai" from the text suggests that the insertion of the term "Kyrios" was a later practice, b) in the Septuagint "Kyrios", or in English "Lord", is used to substitute the Name YHWH, and c) the Tetragrammaton appeared in the original text, but Christian copyists removed it. There is therefore a strong possibility that the Sacred Name was once integrated within the Greek text, but eventually disappeared.<br />
<br />
Meyer suggests as one possibility that "as modern Hebrew letters were introduced, the next step was to follow modern Jews and insert 'Kyrios', Lord. This would prove this innovation was of a late date."<br />
<br />
Bible scholars and translators as [[Eusebius]] and [[Jerome]] (translator of the Latin Vulgate) used the [[Hexapla]]. Both attest to the importance of the sacred Name and that the most reliable manuscripts contained the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}<br />
<br />
Later translations into European languages which descended from the Septuagint tended to follow the Greek and use each language's word for "lord": Latin "Dominus", German "der Herr", English "the Lord", French "le Seigneur", etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
These four letters are usually transliterated from Hebrew as IHVH in [[Latin language|Latin]], JHWH in [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and JHVH/YHWH in English. This has been variously rendered as "[[Yahweh]]" or as "[[Jehovah]]", based on the [[Latin]] form of the term,<ref>In the Latin alphabet there was no distinct lettering to distinguish 'Y' ('I') from 'J', or 'W' from 'V'.</ref> while the Hebrew text does not clearly indicate the omitted vowels.<br />
<br />
In English translations, it is often rendered in [[Small caps|capital and small capital letters]] as "the {{LORD}}", following [[Judaism|Jewish]] tradition which reads the word as "[[Adonai]]" ("Lord") out of respect for the [[names of god|name of God]] and the interpretation of the [[Ten commandments|commandment]] not to take the name of God in vain. The word "{{unicode|haŠem}}", 'the Name' is also used in Jewish contexts; in Samaritan, "{{unicode|Šemå}}" is the normal substitution.<br />
<br />
===In the Kabbalah and Chassidut===<br />
A parallel is often drawn between the four letters of the tetragrammaton and the [[Four Worlds]], whereas the '''<big>י</big>''' is associated with [[Atziluth]], the first '''<big>ה</big>''' with [[Beri'ah]], the '''<big>ו</big>''' with [[Yetzirah]], and final '''<big>ה</big>''' with [[Assiah]].<br />
<br />
===Magical papyri===<br />
The spellings of the tetragrammaton occur among the many combinations and permutations of names of powerful agents that occur in [[Jewish magical papyri]] found in Egypt.<ref>B. Alfrink, ''La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme,'' O.T.S. V (1948) 43-62.</ref> One of these forms is the heptagram {{polytonic|ιαωουηε}}.<ref>K. Preisendanz, ''Papyri Graecae Magicae'', Leipzig-Berlin, I, 1928 and II, 1931.</ref> In the Jewish magical papyri, ''Iave'' and {{polytonic|Iαβα}} ''Yaba'' occurs frequently.<ref>Footnote #9 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See [[Deissmann]], ''Bibelstudien'', 13 sqq."</ref><br />
<br />
In a [[Ethiopic]] Christian list of magical names of Jesus,{{When|date=April 2011}} purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples, ''Yawe'' is found.<ref>Footnote #10 from Page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See Driver, ''Studia Biblica, I. 20." Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11), vol. 15, pp. 312, in the article "JEHOVAH".</ref><br />
<br />
===Aramaic papyri===<br />
<br />
The form ''Yahu'' or ''Yaho'' is attested not only in composition but also by itself in [[Hebrew and Aramaic papyri|Aramaic papyri]].<br />
This is the form reflected as {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} {{IPA-el|ˈʝa.o|}} in [[Greek magical papyri]].<ref>''Aramaic Papyri discovered at Assaan'', B 4,6,II; E 14; J 6; "This doubtless is the original of {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} frequently found in Greek authors and in magical texts as the name of the God of the Jews." ([[EB 1911]])</ref> ({{IPA|[h]}} was not represented by a separate letter in Greek.)<br />
<br />
In its earlier form this opinion rested chiefly on certain misinterpreted testimonies in [[Greek language|Greek]] authors about a god {{lang|grc|Ἰαω}} and was conclusively refuted by Baudissin; recent adherents of the theory build more largely on the occurrence in various parts of this territory of proper names of persons and places which they explain as compounds of Yahu or Yah.<ref>Footnote #4 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See a collection and critical estimate of this evidence by Zimmern, ''Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament'', 465 sqq."</ref><br />
<br />
The explanation is in most cases simply an assumption of the point at issue; some of the names have been misread; others are undoubtedly the names of Jews.<br />
<br />
There remain, however, some cases in which it is highly probable that names of non-Israelites are really compounded with Yahweh. The most conspicuous of these is the king of Hamath who in the inscriptions of Sargon (722-705 BCE) is called Yaubi'di and Ilubi'di (compare Jehoiakim-Eliakim). Azriyau, also, in inscriptions of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] (745-728 BCE), who was formerly supposed to be [[Uzziah of Judah]] and/or king of Sam'al, was king of an unknown city-state in northern [[Syria]], probably Hatarikka-Luhuti.<ref>J.D. Hawkins: ''Izrijau'', in ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'' vol. 5, p. 227. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter 1976–1980.</ref> Also, in [[Byblos]] have been found inscriptions telling about the kings named Yehimilk "YH the king" (XI-X BCE)<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=16947&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Inscription de Yehimilk, roi de Byblos (XI-X)], [[UNESCO]], "Memory of the World" program.</ref><ref>Nina Jidejian, Maurice Dunand, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qzuFAAAAIAAJ&dq=Yehimilk+Byblos&q=Yehimilk Byblos through the ages.]'', p. 69, Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publ., 1968.</ref> and Yehawmilk "YHW the king" (V BCE).<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&baseIndex=0&bmLocale=en Yehawmilk stele], [[Louvre]] collection.</ref><ref>[http://history.studentreader.com/phoenician-cities-byblos Phoenician Cities: Byblos], Student Reader.</ref><br />
<br />
Deity named YW is mentioned in the [[Ugarit]]ic text as one of the many sons of [[El (deity)|El]]. KTU 1.1 IV 14 says:<br />
: ''sm . bny . yw . ilt''<br />
"The name of the son of god, YW".<ref>[http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible], site of Quartz Hill School of Theology.</ref><ref name="markssmith">Smith, Mark S. (2001) ''The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516768-6).</ref> That this is a reference to Yahweh, however, has not been widely accepted among scholars, especially since yhwh is entirely absent in all other Ugaritic texts, that the longer form yhwh is likely earlier than the abbreviated yw, and since it is much more probable that the deity referred to in KTU 1.1 IV: 14 is the Ugaritic god Yammu.<ref>van der Toorn, ''Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible," 911; Mark S. Smith, ''The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Volume 1: Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2 (VTSup 55; Leiden: Brill, 1994), 151-52; D. N. Freedman and Michael O'Connor, TDOT 5:510; Marvin H. Pope, ''Syrien: Die Mythologie der Ugariter und Phonizier," in Gotter und Mythen im vorderen Orient (vol. 1, part 1 of Worterbuch Der Mythologie; ed. H. W. Haussig; Suttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag, 1965), 291-92.</ref><br />
<br />
===Mesopotamian texts===<br />
Despite the expectations of earlier years no direct evidence of the name "Yahweh", the tetragrammaton, in Canaanite texts has yet been found.<ref>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, 1999:960 "In no list of gods or offerings is the mysterious god *Ya ever mentioned; his cult at Ebla is a chimera. Yahweh was not known at Ugarit either; the singular name Yw (vocalisation unknown) in a damaged passage of the Baal Cycle (KTU 1.1 "</ref><br />
<br />
====19th century scholarship====<br />
[[Friedrich Delitzsch]] (1902) brought into notice three tablets, of the age of the first dynasty of Babylon, in which he read the names of men called ''Ya-a'-ve-ilu, Ya-ve-ilu, and Ya-u-um-ilu'' (meaning "Yahweh is God"), and which he regarded as conclusive proof that Yahweh was known in Babylonia before 2000 BCE; he was a god of the [[Semitic]] invaders in the second wave of migration, who were, according to Winckler and Delitzsch, of North Semitic stock ([[Canaanite languages|Canaanites]], in the linguistic sense).<ref>Footnote #5 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Babel und Bibel'', 1902. The enormous, and for the most part ephemeral, literature provoked by Delitzsch's lecture cannot be cited here.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1910 the Encyclopædia Britannica stated that we should thus have in the tablets evidence of the worship of Yahweh among the Western Semites at a time long before the rise of Israel. The reading of the names is, however, extremely uncertain, not to say improbable, and the far-reaching inferences drawn from them carry no conviction.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11), vol. 15, pp. 312, in the Article "JEHOVAH".</ref><br />
<br />
In 1903 [[Ernst Sellin]] excavated at [[Ta'annuk]] (the city [[Taanach]] of the [[Book of Joshua]]) a tablet attributed to the 14th century BCE, in which a man is mentioned whose name may be read Ahi-Yawi, equivalent to the Hebrew name [[Ahijah]].<ref>Footnote #6 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Denkschriften d. Wien. Akad''., L. iv. p. 115 seq. (1904)."</ref> If the reading be correct, this would suggest that Yahweh was worshipped in Central Palestine before the Israelite conquest.<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987"/> {{Bibleref2|Genesis|14:17|HE}} describes a meeting between [[Melchizedek]] the king/priest of Salem and Abraham. Both these pre-conquest figures are described as worshipping the same "Most High God" later identified as Yahweh.<br />
<br />
The reading is, however, only one of several possibilities. The fact that the full form Yahweh appears, whereas in Hebrew proper names only the shorter ''Yahu'' and ''Yah'' occur, weighs somewhat against the interpretation, as it does against Delitzsch's reading of his tablets.<br />
<br />
It would not be at all surprising if, in the great movements of populations and shifting of ascendancy which lie beyond our historical horizon, the worship of Yahweh should have been established in regions remote from those which it occupied in historical times; but nothing which we now know warrants the opinion that his worship was ever general among the Western Semites.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
<br />
Many attempts have been made to trace the [[Northwest Semitic]] Yahu back to Babylonia. Thus Delitzsch (1881) formerly derived the name from an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] god, I or [[Enki|Ia]]; or from the Semitic nominative ending, [[Yaw (god)|Yau]];<ref>Footnote #7 from Page 313 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Wo lag das Paradies?'' (1881), pp. 158–166."</ref><br />
<br />
====Modern scholarship====<br />
This deity, Delitzsch's Yahu, has since disappeared from the pantheon of [[Assyriologist]]s. [[Jean Bottéro]] (2000) speculates that the West Semitic Yah/Ia, in fact is a version of the Babylonian God [[Ea (Babylonian god)|Ea]] (Enki), a view given support by the earliest finding of this name at [[Ebla]] during the reign of [[Ebrum]], at which time the city was under [[Mesopotamia]]n hegemony of [[Sargon of Akkad]].<ref>[[Jean Bottéro]] ''Antiqities assyro-babyloniennes (L'Epopee d'Ena)'' Annuaire EPHE (1977–78) 160.</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and meaning of YHWH==<br />
<br />
It has most often been proposed that the name YHWH is a verb form derived from the Biblical Hebrew [[triconsonantal]] root היה (''h-y-y'') "to be", which has הוה (''h-w-y'') as a variant form, with a third person masculine ''y-'' prefix.<ref name="The New 1907">''The New [[Brown–Driver–Briggs]]-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic'' by Frances Brown, with the cooperation of S.R. Driver and Charles Briggs (1907), p. 217ff (entry יהוה listed under root הוה).</ref> This would connect it to the passage in verse Exodus 3:14, where God gives his name as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה (Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh), translated most basically as "[[I am that I am]]" (or "I will be that which I now am"). יהוה with the vocalization "Yahweh" could theoretically be a ''hif'il'' verb inflection of root HWH, with a meaning something like "he who causes to exist" or "who gives life" (the root idea of the word perhaps being "to breathe", and hence, "to live").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N#164 |title=Names Of God |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> As a ''qal'' (basic stem) verb inflection, it could mean "he who is, who exists".<ref name="The New 1907"/><br />
<br />
==Pronunciation: the question of which vowels==<br />
The authentic, historically correct pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is not known, and the consensus view at various points in history has not been consistent. The current scholarly consensus is that the vowel diacritic points attached to the written consonants YHWH in the Masoretic orthography of Biblical Hebrew were not intended to represent the vowels of such an authentic and historically correct pronunciation, but this was not always understood by Christian Hebrew scholars. {{listen|filename=He-YHWH.ogg |title=YHWH|description=The pronunciation as it is vowel pointed in the [[Masoretic Text]], certain scholars do not hold the pronunciation to be correct.|format=[[Ogg]]}}<br />
<br />
===Theophoric names===<br />
Yeho or "Y<sup>e</sup>hō-" is the prefix form of "YHWH" used in Hebrew [[theophoric name]]s; the suffix form Yahū" or "-Y<sup>e</sup>hū" is just as common. This has caused two opinions:<br />
<br />
# In former times (at least from c.1650 CE), the prefix pronunciation "Y<sup>e</sup>hō-" was sometimes connected with the full pronunciation "Yehova" derived from combining the Masoretic vowel points for "Adonai" with the consonantal Tetragrammaton YHWH.<br />
# Recently that, as "Yahweh" is likely an [[imperfective]] verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding [[preterite]] or [[jussive]] short form: compare ''{{unicode|yiŝt<sup>a</sup>hawe<sup>h</sup>}}'' (imperfective), ''{{unicode|yiŝtáhû}}'' (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.fortunecity.com/yahuwthah/Resource-577/AnsonLetter.htm |title=AnsonLetter.htm |publisher=Members.fortunecity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Those who argue for argument 1 above are the: [[George Wesley Buchanan]] in ''[[Biblical Archaeology Review]]''; [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/Smithspage953Reland190pixels.JPG Smith’s 1863 ''A Dictionary of the Bible'']; Section # 2.1 ''The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon'' (1848)<ref>The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon'' by [[Benjamin Davidson]] ISBN 0-913573-03-5.</ref> in its article '''{{lang|he|הוה}}'''.<br />
<br />
Smith's 1863 ''A Dictionary of the Bible'' says that "Yahweh" is possible because shortening to "Yahw" would end up as "Yahu" or similar. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N&search=Theophoric%20Names The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901–1906 in the Article:Names Of God] has a very similar discussion, and also gives the form Yo ({{Script/Hebrew|יוֹ}}) contracted from Yeho ({{Script/Hebrew|יְהוֹ}}). The Encyclopædia Britannica<ref>"Jehovhah." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition (New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1910–11, vol. 15, 312&nbsp;pp.</ref> also says that "Yeho-" or "Yo" can be explained from "Yahweh", and that the suffix "-yah" can be explained from "Yahweh" better than from "Yehovah".<br />
<br />
Chapter 1 of [http://www.tetragrammaton.org/tetra1.html#chapter1 The Tetragrammaton and the Christian Greek Scriptures], under the heading '''The Pronunciation Of God's Name''' quotes from ''[[Insight on the Scriptures]]'', Volume 2, page 7:<br />
:Hebrew Scholars generally favor "Yahweh" as the most likely pronunciation. They point out that the abbreviated form of the name is Yah ([[Jah]] in the Latinized form), as at {{Bibleref2|Psalm|89:8}} and in the expression Hallelu-Yah (meaning "Praise Yah!" [[imperative mood|imp.]] [[plural|pl.]]).{{Bibleref2c|Ps.|104:35}} {{Bibleref2c-nb|Ps.|150:1,6}} The forms Yeho', Yo, Yah, and Ya'hu, found in the Hebrew spelling of the names of Yehoshaphat, Yoshaphat, Shefatyah, and others, could be derived from Yahweh... Still, there is by no means unanimity among scholars on the subject, some favoring yet other pronunciations, such as "Yahuwa," "Yahuah," or "Yehuah."<br />
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===Using consonants as semi-vowels (v/w)===<br />
In [[Biblical Hebrew language|ancient Hebrew]], the [[Hebrew alphabet#Numerical value and pronunciation|letter {{Script/Hebrew|ו}}]], known to modern Hebrew speakers as ''vav'', [[Hebrew alphabet#Pronunciation of Ancient Hebrew|was]] a semivowel {{IPA|/w/}} (as in English, not as in German) rather than a {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref>(see any Hebrew grammar).</ref> The letter is referred to as ''[[Waw (letter)|waw]]'' in the academic world. Because the ancient pronunciation differs from the modern pronunciation, it is common today to represent {{lang|he|יהוה}} as YHWH rather than YHVH.<br />
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In unpointed Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written and the rest are written only ambiguously, as the vowel letters are also used as consonants (similar to the [[Latin]] use of V to indicate both U and V). See [[Matres lectionis]] for details. For similar reasons, an appearance of the Tetragrammaton in ancient [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] records of the [[13th century BCE]] sheds no light on the original pronunciation.<ref>See pages 128 and 236 of the book "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by archeologist William G. Dever, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2003.</ref> Therefore it is, in general, difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling only, and the Tetragrammaton is a particular example: two of its letters can serve as vowels, and two are vocalic place-holders, which are not pronounced.<br />
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This difficulty occurs somewhat also in Greek when transcribing Hebrew words, because of Greek's lack of a letter for consonant 'y' and (since loss of the [[digamma]]) of a letter for "w", forcing the Hebrew consonants yod and waw to be transcribed into Greek as vowels. Also, non-initial 'h' caused difficulty for Greeks and was liable to be omitted; х ([[chi (letter)|chi]]) was pronounced as 'k' + 'h' (as in modern [[Hindi]] "[[lakh]]") and could not be used to spell 'h' as in [[Modern Greek]] {{lang|el|Χάρρι}} = "Harry", for example.<br />
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===Yahweh or Jahweh===<br />
The Latin pronunciation of the letter I/J as a consonant sound was {{IPAblink|j}}, the 'y' sound of the English word 'you'. This changed in descendent languages into various stronger consonants, including at one point in French {{IPAblink|dʒ}}, the 'j' sound of the word 'juice', and this was the sound the letter came to be used for in English. Thus the English pronunciation of the older form ''Jehovah'' has this 'j' sound, following the English pronunciation of its Latin spelling. In order to preserve the Latin (and approximate Hebrew) pronunciation of ''Jahweh'', however, the English spelling was changed to ''Yahweh''.<br />
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===Examining the vowel points of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}===<br />
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''Jehovah'' is favored by [[Protestantism|Protestant denominations]] as the English spelling of the personal name of God.<br />
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Most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters ''JHVH'' with the vowels of ''Adonai'', but there is some evidence that it may already have been in use in [[Late Antiquity]] (5th century).<br />
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In the table below, ''Yehowah'' and ''Adonai'' are dissected<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #3068<br>YEHOVAH<br>{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}<br />
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #136<br>ADONAY<br>{{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y|| {{hebrew|א}} ||Aleph||[[glottal stop]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ְ}} ||Simple Shewa||E|| {{hebrew|ֲ}} ||Hatef Patah||A<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|ד}} ||Daleth||D<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O|| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ו}} ||Waw||W|| {{hebrew|נ}} ||Nun||N<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Kametz||A|| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Kametz||A<br />
|-<br />
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Note in the table directly above that the "simple shewa" in ''Yehowah'' and the ''hatef patah'' in ''Adonai'' are not the same vowel. The same information is displayed in the table above and to the right where "''YHWH'' intended to be pronounced as ''Adonai''" and "''Adonai'', with its slightly different vowel points" are shown to have different vowel points.<br />
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===Kethib and Qere and Qere perpetuum===<br />
The original consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the [[Masoretes]] to assist reading. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the [[Qere]]) differed from the consonants of the written text (the [[Kethib]]), they wrote the Qere in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowels of the Qere were written on the Kethib. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted: this is called [[Q're perpetuum]].<br />
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One of these frequent cases was the Tetragrammaton, which according to later Jewish practices should not be pronounced, but read as "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}" ("My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or, if the previous or next word already was "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}", or "{{lang|he-Latn|Adoni}}" ("My Lord"), as "{{lang|he-Latn|Elohim}}" ("God"). This combination produces {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}} respectively, [[ghost word|non-words]] that would spell "yehovah" and "yehovih" respectively.<br />
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The oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, such as the [[Aleppo Codex]] and the [[Codex Leningradensis]] mostly write {{Hebrew|יְהוָה}} (yehvah), with no pointing on the first H; this could be because the ''o'' diacritic point plays no useful role in distinguishing between ''Adonai'' and ''Elohim'' (and so is redundant), or could point to the Qere being '{{unicode|Sh<sup>e</sup>ma}}', which is [[Aramaic]] for "the Name".<br />
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===Jehovah===<br />
Later, Christian Europeans who did not know about the [[Q're perpetuum]] custom took these spellings at face value, producing the form "[[Jehovah]]" and spelling variants of it. The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] [1913, Vol. VIII, p.&nbsp;329] states: "Jehovah (Yahweh), the proper name of God in the Old Testament." Had they known about the Q're perpetuum, the term "Jehovah" may have never come into being.<ref>"Job – Introduction, [[Anchor Bible]], volume 15, page XIV and "Jehovah" Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, volume 15.</ref> For more information, see the page [[Jehovah]]. Most scholars recognise Jehovah to be "grammatically impossible" ([[Jewish Encyclopedia]], Vol VII, p.&nbsp;8).<br />
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==={{Lang|he|יַהְוֶה}} = Yahweh===<br />
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In the early 19th century Hebrew scholars were still critiquing "Jehovah" [a.k.a. Iehovah and Iehouah] because they believed that the vowel points of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} did not represent (and were never intended to represent) the vowel sounds of the early authentic pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. The Hebrew scholar [[Wilhelm Gesenius]] [1786–1842] had suggested that the Hebrew punctuation {{lang|he|יַהְוֶה}}, which is transliterated into English as "Yahweh", might more accurately represent the actual pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton than the Biblical Hebrew punctuation "{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}", from which the English name Jehovah has been derived.<br />
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His proposal to read YHWH as "{{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}}" (see image to the right) was based in large part on various Greek transcriptions, such as [[iabe|ιαβε]], dating from the first centuries CE, but also on the forms of theophoric names. In his Hebrew Dictionary, Gesenius supports "Yahweh" (which would have been pronounced {{IPA|[jahwe]}}, with the final letter being silent) because of the Samaritan pronunciation {{polytonic|Ιαβε}} reported by [[Theodoret]], and that the [[theophoric name]] prefixes YHW {{IPA|[jeho]}} and YH {{IPA|[jo]}} can be explained from the form "Yahweh". Today many scholars accept Gesenius's proposal to read YHWH as {{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}}. Gesenius' proposal gradually became accepted as the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton.<br />
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Delitzsch prefers "{{Hebrew|יַהֲוָה}}" ({{unicode|yah<sup>a</sup>vah}}) since he considered the [[shewa quiescens]] below {{lang|he|ה}} ungrammatical. In his 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith prefers the form "{{Hebrew|יַהֲוֶה}}" (yah<sup>a</sup>veh). Many other variations have been proposed.<br />
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===The Leningrad Codex of 1008–1010===<br />
Vowel points were added to the Tetragrammaton by the [[Masoretes]], in the first millennium.<br />
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Six Hebrew spellings of the Tetragrammaton are found in the [[Leningrad Codex]] of 1008–1010, as shown below. The entries in the Close Transcription column are not intended to indicate how the name was intended to be pronounced by the Masoretes, but only how the word would be pronounced if read without ''[[Q're and Ketib|q're perpetuum]]''.<br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Chapter & Verse||Hebrew Spelling||Close transcription||Ref.||Explanation<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Genesis 3:14</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhōwāh}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Gen3:14-3:14 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||This is the most common set of vowels, which are essentially the vowels from Adonai (with the hataf patah reverting to its natural state as a shewa).<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Judges 16:28</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהוָה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhwāh}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Judges16:28 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||This is the same as above, but with the dot over the holam/waw left out, because it is a little redundant.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Judges 16:28</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יֱהֹוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yĕhōwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Judg16:28-16:28 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||When the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives the vowels from the name Elohim instead. The hataf segol does not revert to a shewa because doing so could lead to confusion with the vowels in Adonai.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Genesis 15:2</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יֱהוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yĕhwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Gen15:2-15:2 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Just as above, this uses the vowels from Elohim, but like the second version, the dot over the holam/waw is omitted as redundant.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>1 Kings 2:26</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהֹוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhōwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#1%20Kings2:26-2:26 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Here, the dot over the holam/waw is present, but the hataf segol does get reverted to a shewa.<br />
|-<br />
| <center>Ezekiel 24:24</center>||<center>{{lang|he|יְהוִה}}</center>||<center>{{unicode|Yǝhwih}}</center>||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml#Ezek24:24-24:24 |title=Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex |publisher=Tanach.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref></center>||Here, the dot over the holam/waw is omitted, and the hataf segol gets reverted to a shewa.<br />
|}<br />
'''{{unicode|ĕ}}''' is [[hataf segol]]; '''{{unicode|ǝ}}''' is the pronounced form of plain [[shewa]].<br />
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The ''o'' diacritic dot over the letter waw is often omitted because it plays no useful role in distinguishing between the two intended pronunciations Adonai and Elohim (which both happen to have an ''o'' vowel in the same position).<br />
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[[Gérard Gertoux]] wrote that in the Leningrad Codex, the [[Masoretes]] used 7 different vowel pointings [i.e., 7 different [[Q're]]'s] for YHWH. [Note that one of these different vowel pointings is not a true variant, but was the result of the addition of an inseparable preposition to YHWH]<ref>refer to the table on page 144 of Gérard Gertoux's book ''The Name of God Y.EH.OW.Ah which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH''.</ref> A version of the BHS text, which is derived from the Leningrad Codex, is used to translate the Old Testament of almost all English Bibles other than the King James Bible. The Brown–Driver–Briggs Lexicon of 1905 shows only two different vowel pointings [ i.e. variants ] of YHWH are found in the Ben Chayyim Hebrew Text of 1525, which underlies the Old Testament of the King James Bible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/bdbandstrong290.jpg |title=villagephotos.com}}</ref><br />
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===The vocalizations of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} and {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}} are not identical===<br />
The [[schwa]] in YHWH (the vowel under the first letter, <big>{{Script/Hebrew|ְ}}</big>) and the [[niqqud|hataf patakh]] in 'DNY (the vowel under its first letter, <big>{{Script/Hebrew|ֲ}}</big>), appear different. One reason suggested{{Who|date=January 2009}} is that the spelling {{lang|he|יֲהֹוָה }} (with the hataf patakh) risks that a reader might start pronouncing "Yah", which is a form of the Name, thus completing the first half of the full Name.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Alternatively, the vocalization can be attributed to [[Biblical Hebrew]] [[phonology]],<ref>Lambdin, Thomas O.: ''Introduction to Biblical Hebrew'', London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.</ref> where the hataf patakh is grammatically identical to a schwa, always replacing every [[niqqud|schwa naḥ]] under a [[guttural|guttural letter]]. Since the first letter of {{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}} is a guttural letter, while the first letter of {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} is not, the hataf patakh under the (guttural) [[aleph]] reverts to a regular schwa under the (non-guttural) [[yodh]].<br />
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===Josephus's description of vowels===<br />
[[Josephus]] in ''[[Jewish Wars]]'', chapter V, verse 235, wrote "{{polytonic|τὰ ἱερὰ γράμματα*ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ φωνήεντα τέσσαρα}}" ("''...[engraved with] the holy letters; and they are four [[vowel]]s''"), presumably because Hebrew [[yod (letter)|yod]] and [[waw (letter)|waw]], even if consonantal, would have to be transcribed into the Greek of the time as vowels.<br />
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===Conclusions===<br />
Various people draw various conclusions from this Greek material.<br />
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[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] writes in his 1863 [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/yahwehfromiabe660pixels.JPG "A Dictionary of the Bible"] about the different Hebrew forms supported by these Greek forms:<br />
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: ... The votes of others are divided between {{Hebrew|יַהְוֶה}} (yahveh) or {{Hebrew|יַהֲוֶה}} (yah<sup>a</sup>veh), supposed to be represented by the {{polytonic|Ιαβέ}} of Epiphanius mentioned above, and {{Hebrew|יַהְוָה}} (yahvah) or {{Hebrew|יַהֲוָה}} (yah<sup>a</sup>vah), which Fürst holds to be the Ιευώ of Porphyry, or the {{polytonic|Ιαού}} of Clemens Alexandrinus.<br />
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==Usage: the question of whether to say the name out loud==<br />
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===In Judaism===<br />
====Usage of the name in Bible times====<br />
{{Bibleref2|Exod.|3:15}} is used to support the use of the Name YHWH: "this is My name for ever, and this is My memorial unto all generations."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#15 |title=15 And God said moreover unto Moses: 'Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel: The LORD, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you; this is My name for ever, and this is My memorial unto all generations |publisher=mechon-mamre.org |accessdate=7 October 2010}}</ref> The word "forever" is "le'olam" which in biblical Hebrew means "always, continually".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=לעולם |title=Morphix Dictionary}}</ref><br />
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Many Scriptures do favour the use of the name. The biblical law does not prohibit the use of the name, but it warns against "misuse", "blaspheming" or in ordinary terms, "taking lightly" the name of YHWH. The Biblical texts suggest the people of the Bible—including the patriarchs—used the name of YHWH. A wealth of scriptures support this notion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen.%2012:8;%2013:18;%2021:33;%2022:14;%2026:%2026,%2028:21;%20Exodus%2020:7%20and%20Deuteronomy%205:11;&version=31; |title=Genesis 12:8; Genesis 13:18; Genesis 21:33; Genesis 22:14; Genesis 26:26; Genesis 28:21 (New International Version) |publisher=biblegateway.com |accessdate=7 October 2010}}</ref><br />
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====Substitution of HaShem or Adonai====<br />
Observant Jews write down but do not pronounce the Tetragrammaton, because it is considered too sacred to be used for common activities. Even ordinary prayer is considered too common for this use. The Tetragrammaton was pronounced by the high priest on [[Yom Kippur]] when [[Temple in Jerusalem|the temple]] was standing in Jerusalem. Since the destruction of [[Second Temple of Jerusalem]] in CE 70, the Tetragrammaton is no longer pronounced, and while Jewish [[kabbalistic]] tradition holds that the correct pronunciation is known to a select few people in each generation, it is not generally known what this pronunciation is. Instead, common Jewish use has been to substitute the name "{{lang|he-Latn|[[Adonai]]}}" ("My Lord") where the Tetragrammaton appears.<br />
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The [[Masoretes]] added vowel points ([[niqqud]]) and [[cantillation]] marks to the manuscripts to indicate vowel usage and for use in the ritual chanting of readings from the [[Bible]] in [[synagogue]] [[Jewish services|services]]. To {{lang|he|יהוה}} they added the vowels for "{{lang|he-Latn|[[Adonai]]}}" ("My Lord"), the word to use when the text was read.<br />
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Many Jews will not use "{{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}" except when praying, and substitute other terms, e.g., {{unicode|haŠem}} ("The Name") or the [[nonsense word]] Ado-Shem, to avoid misuse of the divine name. In written English, "[[G-d]]" is a substitute used by some Jews.<br />
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Parts of the [[Talmud]], particularly those dealing with [[Yom Kippur]], seem to imply{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced in several ways, with only one (not explained in the text, and apparently kept by [[oral tradition]] by the [[Kohen Gadol]]) being the personal name of God.<br />
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In late kabbalistic works the Tetragrammaton is sometimes referred to as the name of Havayah—{{lang|he|הוי'ה}}, meaning "the Name of Being/Existence".<br />
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Translators often render YHWH as a word meaning "Lord", e.g., Greek {{polytonic|Κυριος}}, Latin ''{{lang|la|Dominus}}'', and following that, English "the {{LORD}}", Welsh ''{{lang|cy|Arglwydd}}'', etc. However, all of the above are inaccurate translations of the Tetragrammaton.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
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Because the name was no longer pronounced and its own vowels were not written, its pronunciation was forgotten. When later Christians groups, outside the major Christian Catholic denominations, unaware of the Jewish tradition, started to read the Hebrew Bible, they read {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}} as written with YHWH's consonants with {{lang|he-Latn|Adonai}}'s vowels{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}, and thus said or transcribed '''Iehovah'''. Today this transcription is generally recognized as mistaken; however many religious groups continue to use the form Jehovah because it is familiar.<br />
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[[Josephus]], who as a priest knew the pronunciation of the name, declares that religion forbids him to divulge it.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}<br />
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[[Philo]] calls it [[ineffable]], and says that it is lawful for those only whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place (that is, for priests in the Temple). In another passage, commenting on Lev. xxiv. 15 seq.: "If any one, I do not say should [[blaspheme]] against the Lord of men and gods, but should even dare to utter his name unseasonably, let him expect the penalty of death."<ref>Footnote #3 from page 311 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "See Josephus, ''Ant''. ii. 12, 4; Philo, ''Vita Mosis'', iii. II (ii. 114, ed. Cohn and Wendland); ib. iii. 27 (ii. 206). The [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] authorities more correctly interpreted Lev. xxiv. 15 seq., not of the mere utterance of the name, but of the use of the name of God in blaspheming God."</ref><br />
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Various motives may have concurred to bring about the suppression of the name:<br />
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# An instinctive feeling that a proper name for God implicitly recognizes the existence of other gods may have had some influence; reverence and the fear lest the holy name should be profaned among the heathen.<br />
# Desire to prevent abuse of the name in [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]]. If so, the secrecy had the opposite effect; the name of the God of the Jews was one of the great names, in magic, heathen as well as Jewish, and miraculous efficacy was attributed to the mere utterance of it.<br />
# Avoiding risk of the Name being used as an angry [[Expletive attributive|expletive]], as reported in [[Leviticus]] 24:11 in the [[Bible]].<br />
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In the [[liturgy]] of the [[Temple]] the name was pronounced in the [[priest]]ly [[benediction]] (Num. vi. 27) after the regular daily sacrifice (in the [[synagogue]]s a substitute (probably Adonai) was used);<ref>Footnote #4 from page 311 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''Siphre'', Num. f 39, 43; ''M. Sotak'', iii. 7; ''Sotah'', 38a. The tradition that the utterance of the name in the daily benedictions ceased with the death of Simeon the Just, two centuries or more before the Christian era, perhaps arose from a misunderstanding of Menahoth, 109b; in any case it cannot stand against the testimony of older and more authoritative texts.</ref> on the [[Yom Kippur|Day of Atonement]] the High Priest uttered the name ten times in his [[prayer]]s and benediction.<br />
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According to the [[Talmud]], in the last generations before the fall of [[Jerusalem]], however, it was pronounced in a low tone so that the sounds were lost in the chant of the priests.<ref>''[[Yoma]]'', 39b; ''[[Jerusalem Talmud|Jer.]] Yoma'',iii. 7; ''[[Kiddushin]]'', 71a." ([[:wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jehovah#cite note-3|cited after]] [[EB 1911]])</ref><br />
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====In later Judaism====<br />
After the destruction of the Temple (70 CE) the liturgical use of the name ceased, but the tradition was perpetuated in the schools of the [[rabbi]]s.<ref>Footnote #1 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads:"R. Johannan (second half of the 3rd century), ''Kiddushin'', 71a."</ref> It was certainly known in [[Babylonia]] in the latter part of the 4th century.<ref>Footnote #2 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads:"Kiddushin, ''l.c. = Pesahim'', 50a".</ref> Nor was the knowledge confined to these pious circles; the name continued to be employed by healers, [[exorcist]]s and magicians, and has been preserved in many places in magical papyri.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}<br />
<br />
The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the [[Mishna]]—''He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!''<ref>Footnote #3 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''M. Sanhedrin'', x.I; Abba Saul, end of 2nd century."</ref>—suggests that this misuse of the name was not uncommon among Jews.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Modern observant [[Jews]] no longer voice the name {{lang|he|יהוה}} aloud. It is believed to be [[Names of god in judaism#Pronouncing the tetragrammaton|too sacred to be uttered]] and is often referred to as the 'Ineffable', 'Unutterable' or 'Distinctive Name'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/name.htm |title=Judaism 101 on the Name of God |publisher=jewfaq.org}}</ref><ref>For example, see {{cite book |author=Saul Weiss and Joseph Dov Soloveitchik |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rmmRRNYXb7kC&pg=PA9&dq=YKVK |page=9 |title=Insights of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik |isbn=9780742544697 |date=2005-02 }} and {{cite book |author=Minna Rozen |title=Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th century |page=67 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Pt50fMlgKuMC&pg=PA67&dq=YKVK |isbn=9783161457708 |year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Among the Samaritans====<br />
The [[Samaritan]]s, who otherwise shared the scruples of the Jews about the utterance of the name, seem to have used it in judicial oaths to the scandal of the rabbis.<ref>''[[Jerusalem Talmud|Jer.]] [[Sanhedrin]]'', x.I; R. Mana, 4th century (cited after [[EB 1911]]).</ref> (Their priests have preserved a liturgical pronunciation "Yahwe" or "Yahwa" to the present day.)<ref>Montgomery, ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', xxv. (1906), 49-51 (cited after [[EB 1911]])</ref> However, the Aramaic "Shema" (שמא) remains the everyday (including liturgical) usage of the name, akin to השם (Hebrew "HaShem").<br />
<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987"/><br />
<br />
====In Modern Judaism====<br />
The new [[Jewish Publication Society]] [[Tanakh]] 1985 follows the traditional convention of translating the Divine Name as "the LORD" (in all caps). The [[Artscroll]] [[Tanakh]] translates the Divine Name as "HaShem" (literally, "The Name").<br />
<br />
When the Divine Name is read during prayer, "Adonai" ("My Lord") is substituted. However, when practicing a prayer or referring to one, Orthodox Jews will say either "HaShem" or "AdoShem" instead of "Adonai". When speaking to another person "HaShem" is used.<ref name="Stanley S. Seidner 1987">Stanley S. Seidner,"HaShem: Uses through the Ages." Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA,1987.</ref><br />
<br />
===In Christianity===<br />
====Early Greek and Latin forms====<br />
The writings of the [[Church Fathers]] contain several references to forms of the Tetragrammaton in Greek or Latin. It should be noted that the Greek form of the divine name, "Iao", is the equivalent of the Hebrew trigrammaton YHW.<ref>Bezalel Porten, ''Archives from Elephantine: The life of an ancient Jewish military colony'', 1968, University of California Press, pp. 105, 106.</ref><br />
<br />
The oldest complete [[Septuagint]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] Old Testament) versions, from around the 2nd century CE, consistently use {{polytonic|Κυριος}} (= "[[Lord]]"), where the Hebrew has YHWH, corresponding to substituting Adonay for YHWH in reading the original; in books written in Greek in this period (e.g., Wisdom, 2 and 3 Maccabees), as in the [[New Testament]], {{polytonic|Κυριος}} takes the place of the name of God. However, older fragments contain the name YHWH.<ref>The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Volume 2, p. 512.</ref> In the [[Papyrus Rylands 458|P. Ryl. 458]] (perhaps the oldest extant [[Septuagint]] manuscript) there are blank spaces, leading some scholars to believe that the Tetragrammaton must have been written where these breaks or blank spaces are.<ref>Paul Kahle, The Cairo Geniza (Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1959) p. 222.</ref><br />
<br />
Greek fragment of Leviticus (26:2-16) discovered in the Dead Sea scrolls (Qumran) has ιαω [iao].<br />
<br />
Also historian [[John the Lydian|Lydus]] (6th century) wrote: ''"The Roman [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varo]] [116-27 BCE] defining him [that is the Jewish God] says that he is called Iao in the Chaldean mysteries"'' (De Mensibus IV 53).<br />
<br />
Van Cooten mentions that Iao is one of the "''specifically Jewish designations for God''" and "''the Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine show that 'Iao' is an original Jewish term''".<ref>Stern M., ''Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism'' (1974-84) 1:172; Schafer P., ''Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World'' (1997) 232; Cowley A., ''Aramaic Papyri of the 5th century'' (1923); Kraeling E.G., ''The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the 5th century BCE from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine'' (1953)</ref><ref>Sufficient examination of the subject is available at Sean McDonough's ''YHWH at Patmos'' (1999), pp 116 to 122 and George van Kooten's ''The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses'' (2006), pp 114, 115, 126-136. It worths to mention a foundamental though aged source about the subject: Adolf Deissmann's ''[http://www.archive.org/details/biblestudiescont00deisrich Bible studies: Contributions chiefly from papyri and inscriptions to the history of the language, the literature, and the religion of Hellenistic Judaism and primitive Christianity]'' (1909), at chapter "Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton".</ref><br />
<br />
====Patristic writings====<br />
According to the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1907) and B.D. Eerdmans:<ref>B.D. Eerdmans, The Name Jahu, O.T.S. V (1948) 1-29.</ref><br />
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] (1st century BCE) writes<ref>"Among the Jews Moses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao (Gr. Ιαώ)." (Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica'' I, 94:2)</ref> {{polytonic|Ἰαῶ}} (Iao);<br />
* [[Irenaeus]] (d. c. 202) reports<ref>Irenaeus, "[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]"<!-- "Adv. Haer." -->, II, xxxv, 3, in P. G., VII, col. 840.</ref> that the Gnostics formed a compound {{polytonic|Ἰαωθ}} (Iaoth) with the last syllable of [[Sabaoth]]. He also reports<ref>Irenaeus, "[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]"<!-- "Adv. Haer." -->, I, iv, 1, in P.G., VII, col. 481.</ref> that the [[Gnosticism|Valentinian heretics]] use {{polytonic|Ἰαῶ}} (Iao);<br />
* [[Clement of Alexandria]] (d. c. 215)<ref>Clement, "Stromata", V, 6, in P.G., IX, col. 60.</ref> writes {{polytonic|Ἰαοὺ}} (Iaou)—see also below;<br />
* [[Origen of Alexandria]] (d. c. 254),<ref>Origen, "In Joh.", II, 1, in P.G., XIV, col. 105.</ref> Iao<!-- probably not Ἰαο -->;<br />
* [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (d. c. 305) according to [[Eusebius]] (d. 339),<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio Evangelica]]'' I, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 72 A; and also ibid. X, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 808 B.</ref> {{polytonic|Ἰευώ}} (Ieuo);<br />
* [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] (d. 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives<ref>Epiphanius, ''[[Panarion]]'', I, iii, 40, in P.G., XLI, col. 685.</ref><!-- Ἰα --> Ia and Iabe (one codex Iaue);<!-- possibly Ἰαβέ --><br />
* (Pseudo-) [[Jerome]] (4th/5th century),<ref>"nomen Domini apud Hebraeos quatuor litterarum est, ''jod, he, vau, he'': quod proprie Dei vocabulum sonat: et legi potest JAHO, et Hebraei {{polytonic|ἄῤῥητον}}, id est, ineffabile opinatur." ("Breviarium in Psalmos. Psalm. viii.", in P.L., XXVI, col. 838 A). This work was traditionally attributed to [[Jerome]], but authenticity has been doubted or denied since modern times. But "now believed to be genuine and to be dated before CE 392" [[Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft|ZATW]] (W. de Gruyter, 1936. page 266)</ref> ''(tetragrammaton) can be read Iaho'';<br />
* [[Theodoret]] (d. c. 457) writes {{polytonic|Ἰάω}} (Iao);<ref>"the word Nethinim means in Hebrew 'gift of Iao', that is the God who is" (Theodoret, "Quaest. in I Paral.", cap. ix, in P. G., LXXX, col. 805 C)</ref> he also reports<ref>Theodoret, "Ex. quaest.", xv, in P. G., LXXX, col. 244 and "Haeret. Fab.", V, iii, in P. G., LXXXIII, col. 460.</ref> that the [[Samaritans]] say {{polytonic|Ἰαβέ}}<!-- Ἰαβέ? --> or {{polytonic|Ἰαβαί}} (both pronounced at that time /ja'vε/), while the Jews say {{polytonic|Ἀϊά}} (Aia).<ref>Footnote #8 from page 312 of the 1911 E.B. reads: "''{{polytonic|Aïα}}'' occurs also in the great magical papyrus of Paris, 1. 3020 (Wessely, Denkschrift. Wien. Akad., Phil. Hist. Kl., XXXVI. p. 120) and in the Leiden Papyrus, Xvii. 31."</ref> (The latter is probably not {{lang|he|יהוה}} but {{lang|he|אהיה}} Ehyeh = "I am " or "I will be", {{Bibleref2|Exod.|3:14}} which the Jews counted among the names of God.)<br />
* [[James of Edessa]] (d. 708),<ref>cf. Lamy, "La science catholique", 1891, p. 196.</ref> Jehjeh;<br />
* [[Jerome]] (d. 420)<ref>Jerome, "Ep. xxv ad Marcell.", in P. L., XXII, col. 429.</ref> speaks of certain ignorant Greek writers who transcribed the Hebrew Divine name {{lang|he|יהוה}} as {{Polytonic|ΠΙΠΙ}}.<br />
<br />
=====Clement's Stromata=====<br />
[[Clement of Alexandria]] writes in ''[[Stromata]]'' V, 6:34–35:<br />
<br />
: {{polytonic|"Πάλιν τὸ παραπέτασμα τῆς εἰς τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων παρόδου, κίονες τέτταρες αὐτόθι, ἁγίας μήνυμα τετράδος διαθηκῶν παλαιῶν, ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ τετράγραμμον ὄνομα τὸ μυστικόν, ὃ περιέκειντο οἷς μόνοις τὸ ἄδυτον βάσιμον ἦν· λέγεται δὲ '''Ἰαού''', ὃ μεθερμηνεύεται ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἐσόμενος. Καὶ μὴν καὶ καθʼ Ἕλληνας θεὸς τὸ ὄνομα τετράδα περιέχει γραμμάτων."}} ([http://books.google.gr/books?id=RSsQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1&source=bl&ots=O845wwgS_Z&sig=jTGtJJakU7eXefisaiAiQLbyiXI&hl=el&ei=FHQMS6L0Osee_gaIruSuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%20%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1&f=false Reinhold Koltz] text)<br />
<br />
The translation<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.v.vi.html<br />
|title=ANF02. Fathers of the 2nd century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria, Chapter VI.—The Mystic Meaning of the Tabernacle and its Furniture.<br />
|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library<br />
|accessdate=2010-09-27}}]</ref> of Clement's ''Stromata'' in Volume II of the classic Ante-Nicene Fathers series renders this as:<br />
<br />
: "... Further, the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the "adytum" was accessible, is called '''Jave''', which is interpreted, 'Who is and shall be.' The name of God, too [i.e., θεὸς], among the Greeks contains four letters."<ref>{{cite book<br />
|editor= The Rev. Alexander Roberts, D.D, and James Donaldson, LL.D.<br />
|title= The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. II: Fathers of the 2nd century |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.i.html<br />
|accessdate= 2006–12–19<br />
|edition=American reprint of the Edinburgh<br />
|page=452<br />
|chapter=VI. The Mystic Meaning of the Tabernacle and Its Furniture<br />
|chapterurl=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.v.vi.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Of Clement's ''Stromata'' there is only one surviving manuscript, the Codex L (Codex Laurentianus V 3), from the 11th century. Other sources are later copies of that ms. and a few dozen quotations from this work by other authors. For ''Stromata'' V,6:34, Codex L has {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}}.<!--See also Migne's P.G., IX,col. 60.--> The critical edition by Otto Stählin (1905)<ref>"''[http://www.archive.org/details/clemensalexandr00berlgoog Clemens Alexandrinus Werke], eds. Stählin. O. and Fruechtel. L. (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, 15), 3. Auflage, Berlin, 1960.</ref> gives the forms<br />
<br />
: "Ἰαουέ Didymus Taurinensis de pronunc. divini nominis quatuor literarum (Parmae 1799) p. 32ff, {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}} L, {{polytonic|ἰὰ οὐαὶ}} Nic., {{polytonic|ἰὰ οὐὲ}} Mon. 9.82 Reg. 1888 Taurin. III 50 (bei Did.), {{polytonic|ἰαοῦε}} Coisl. Seg. 308 Reg. 1825."<br />
<br />
and has {{polytonic|Ἰαουε}} in the running text. The Additions and Corrections page gives a reference to an author who rejects the change of {{polytonic|ἰαοὺ}} into {{polytonic|Ἰαουε}}.<ref>Richard Ganschinietz, "Iao" in ''Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' 9.1:700.28.</ref><br />
<br />
Other editors give similar data. A ''{{lang|la|catena}}'' (Latin: chain) referred to by A. le Boulluec<ref>Clément d'Alexandrie. Stromate V. Tome I: Introduction, texte critique et index, par A. Le Boulluec, Traduction de † P. Voulet, S.J.; Tome II : Commentaire, bibliographie et index, par A. Le Boulluec, [[Sources Chrétiennes]] n° 278 et 279, Editions du Cerf, Paris 1981. (Tome I, pp. 80, 81).</ref> ("Coisl. 113 fol. 368v") and by [http://www.villagephotos.com/members/viewimage.asp?id_=14021882 Smith’s 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible"] ("a catena to the [[Pentateuch]] in a MS. at [[Turin]]") is reported to have "{{polytonic|ια ουε}}".<!-- Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible" [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/1863Smithsoniaou.JPG] --><br />
<br />
<!-- 1911 EB is redundant now—[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/IaouFootnote.jpg] --><br />
<!-- [http://members.fortunecity.com/yahuwthah/Resource-577/AnsonLetter.htm] --><br />
<br />
====Christian translations into Greek and Latin====<br />
The [[Septuagint]] (Greek translation) and [[Vulgate]] (Latin translation) use the word "Lord" ({{lang|el|κύριος}}, ''kyrios'', and {{lang|la|dominus}}, respectively).<br />
<br />
====Christian Bible translations into English====<br />
<br />
* The [[Jerusalem Bible|New Jerusalem Bible]] (1966) uses "Yahweh" exclusively.<br />
* The [[Bible In Basic English]] (1949/1964) uses "Yahweh" eight times, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}.<br />
* The [[New English Bible]] (NT 1961, OT 1970) generally uses the word "L<small>ORD</small>" but uses "J<small>EHOVAH</small>" several times.<ref>[[Jehovah#Usage in English|Usage in English]]</ref> For examples of both forms, see Exodus Chapter 3 and footnote to verse 15.<br />
* The [[Amplified Bible]] (1954/1987). At {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:3}} the AB says "but by My name the Lord [Yahweh--the redemptive name of God] I did not make Myself known to them."<br />
* [[The Living Bible]] (1971). "Jehovah" or "Lord".<ref>The Living Bible, "Jehovah" or "Lord" per text or footnotes. e.g. Genesis 7:16; 8:21; Exodus 3:15.</ref><br />
* The [[Young's Literal Translation]] (Version) – "Jehovah" since Genesis 2:4<br />
* The [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]] (1999/2002) uses "Yahweh" over 50 times, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}.<br />
* The [[World English Bible]] (WEB) [a Public Domain work with no copyright] uses "Yahweh" some 6837 times.<br />
* The [[New Living Translation]] (1996/2004) uses "Yahweh" eight times{{Verify source|date=January 2010}}, including {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:2}}. The Preface of the New Living Translation: Second Edition says that in a few cases they have used the name Yahweh (for example 3:15; 6:2–3).<br />
* Rotherham's [[Emphasized Bible]] retains "Yahweh" throughout the Old Testament.<br />
* The [[Anchor Bible]] retains "Yahweh" throughout the Old Testament.<br />
* The [[King James Version]]. Rendered in seven instances as "Jehovah", i.e. four times as the name of God, {{Bibleref2|Exod.|6:3}}; [[Psalm 83]]:18; Isa 12:2; 26:4, and three times where it is included in Hebrew place-names e.g. "Jehovah-jireh" -Gen 22:14. (See also Ex 17:15; Judges 6:24)<br />
** Note: Elsewhere in the KJV, "L<small>ORD</small>" is generally used. But in verses such as Gen 15:2; 28:13, Psalm 71:5, Amos 1:8, 9:5 etc. where this practice would result in ‘Lord L<small>ORD</small>’ (Hebrew: ''Adonay YHWH'') or ‘L<small>ORD</small> Lord’ (''YHWH Adonay'') the KJV translates the Hebrew text as ‘Lord G<small>OD</small>’ or ‘L<small>ORD</small> God’.<br />
* The [[American Standard Version]] uses "Jehovah".<br />
* The [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]] uses Jehovah over 7,000 times in translations of both the Hebrew and Greek scriptures.<br />
<br />
====Translations of the New Testament into Hebrew====<br />
* [[Franz Delitzsch|Delitzsch's]] translation of the New Testament into Hebrew (1877) frequently uses the tetragrammaton, i.e. Hebrew ({{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}), particularly in verses where the New Testament quotes or makes reference to Old Testament texts.<br />
<br />
====Tetragrammaton in the New Testament====<br />
<br />
Since the Tetragrammaton does not appear in the Greek manuscripts of the [[New Testament]], virtually all translations refrain from inserting it into the English. The vast majority of New Testament translations therefore render the Greek ''kyrios'' as "lord" and ''theos'' as "God". Nevertheless, the [[Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition]] inserts the name ''Yahweh'' in the New Testament, while the [[New World Translation]] inserts the name ''Jehovah'' in the New Testament.<br />
<br />
====Catholic Church====<br />
<br />
In the [[Catholic Church]], the first edition of the official Vatican ''[[Nova Vulgata]] Bibliorum Sacrorum'', published in 1979, used the form ''Iahveh'' for rendering the Tetragrammaton.<ref>"Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Iahveh (Qui est), Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." (Exodus 3:15).</ref> Later editions of this version replaced "Iahveh" with "Dominus", in keeping with a long-standing Catholic tradition of avoiding direct usage of the Ineffable Name.<br />
<br />
On August 8, 2008, Bishop [[Arthur J. Serratelli]], chairman of the American bishops' "Committee on Divine Worship", announced a new directive from the [[Holy See|Vatican]] regarding the use of the name of ''God'' in the sacred liturgy. "Specifically, the word 'Yahweh' may no longer be 'used or pronounced' in songs and prayers during liturgical celebrations."<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title = CNS STORY: No 'Yahweh' in songs, prayers at Catholic Masses, Vatican rules<br />
|accessdate = 2009–07–29<br />
|url = http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0804119.htm}}</ref> In fact, for most of the Church's 2,000-year history use of the name was prohibited in public worship, out of respect for the Divine Name, according to Catholic tradition. After [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–65), some songs and hymns had begun to use the Tetragrammaton, which caused the Vatican to issue a clarification that the Divine Name was not to be used. Hymnals with these hymns have since inserted the word "Lord God" or other two-syllable alternatives in the place of the Tetragrammaton.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jehovah]]<br />
* [[Papyrus Fouad 266]]<br />
* [[Psalm 83]]<br />
* [[Tetragrammaton in the New Testament]]<br />
* [[Yahweh]], [[Jah]] or ([[Names of God in Judaism#Yah|Yah]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book|last=van der Toorn|first=Karel|title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-80282-491-9}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons-inline}}<br />
*{{Cite EB1911|W1EC=1|wstitle=Tetragrammaton}}<br />
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| ¬ = <!--Not defined--><br />
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</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang&diff=978Template:Lang2012-06-11T10:02:26Z<p>Lidewij: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang&oldid=494159802</p>
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}}<noinclude>{ {documentation} }<!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Script/Hebrew&diff=977Template:Script/Hebrew2012-06-11T09:56:55Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Times New Roman', 'Ezra SIL SR', FrankRuehl, 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Lucida Grande'" dir="rtl">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude><br />
{ {documentation} }<br />
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</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Script/Hebrew&diff=976Template:Script/Hebrew2012-06-11T09:56:01Z<p>Lidewij: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Script/Hebrew&oldid=488792529</p>
<hr />
<div><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Times New Roman', 'Ezra SIL SR', FrankRuehl, 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Lucida Grande'" dir="rtl">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
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</noinclude></div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&diff=975Suleiman the Magnificent2012-06-11T09:32:56Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>Suleiman I ( /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/; Ottoman Turkish: سلطان سليمان اول, Sultān Suleimān-i evvel or قانونى سلطان سليمان, Kānūnī Sultān Suleimān, Modern Turkish: I. Süleyman (Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈmɑn]) or Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[3] and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" (Turkish: Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.<ref>Mansel, 61.</ref><br />
<br />
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith in his own right; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the golden age of the Ottoman Empire's artistic, literary and architectural development.<ref name=atil24>Atıl, 24.</ref> He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai (a dialect of Turkic languages and related to Uyghur and Uzbek), Persian and Serbian.<br />
<br />
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married a harem girl, Roxelana, who became Hürrem Sultan; her intrigues as queen in the court and power over the Sultan made her quite renowned. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Suleyman was a true hero and was admired by other leaders of the world. Suleiman was born in Trabzon along the coast of the Black Sea, probably on 6 November 1494.<ref>Clot, 25.</ref> His mother was Valide Sultan Aishe Hafsa Sultan or Hafsa Hatun Sultan, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, he was sent to study science, history, literature, theology, and military tactics in the schools of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers.<ref>{{cite book|first=Noel|last=Barber|title=The Sultans|location=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1973|pages=36|isbn=0-7861-0682-4}}</ref> From the age of seventeen, young Suleiman was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Sarukhan (Manisa) with a brief tenure at Adrianople (now Edirne).[8] Upon the death of his father, Selim I (1465–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and acceded to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini: "He is twenty-six years of age, tall, but wiry, and of a delicate complexion. His neck is a little too long, his face thin, and his nose aquiline. He has a shade of a moustache and a small beard; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien, though his skin tends to pallor. He is said to be a wise Lord, fond of study, and all men hope for good from his rule."[9] Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great.[10][11] He was influenced by Alexander's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west, and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa, as well as in Europe.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Military campaigns ==<br />
<br />
=== Conquests in Europe ===<br />
<br />
Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century <br />
Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve. Its capture was vital in eliminating the Hungarians who, following the defeats of the Serbs, Bulgarians, Byzantines and Albanians, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube. With a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, Belgrade fell in August 1521.[12]<br />
<br />
News of the conquest of one of Christendom's major strongholds spread fear across Europe. As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note, "The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary. It led to the death of King Louis, the capture of Buda, the occupation of Transylvania, the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighbouring nations that they would suffer the same fate..."[13]<br />
<br />
The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman diverted his attention to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes, the home base of the Knights Hospitaller. In the summer of 1522, taking advantage of the navy he inherited from his father, Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships while personally leading an army of 100,000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island.[14] Following a siege of five months with brutal encounters, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart. They eventually formed their new base in Malta.<br />
<br />
As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Eastern Europe and on 29 August 1526, he defeated Louis II of Hungary (1506–26) at the Battle of Mohács. In its wake, Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the pre-eminent power in Eastern Europe.[15] Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off while he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."[16][17]<br />
<br />
Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took Hungary. As a result, in 1529, Suleiman once again marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda and in the following autumn laid siege to Vienna. It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive towards the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men,[18] the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry which lasted until the 20th century.[19] A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, with Suleiman retreating before reaching the city. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather (forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.[20]<br />
<br />
By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (1519–64), who was ruler of neighbouring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.[21] However, other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya who, being supported by Suleiman, remained unrecognized by the Christian powers of Europe.<br />
<br />
In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans, attempting to lay siege to Buda. With their efforts repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses captured as a result,[22] Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as 'Emperor', but in rather plainer terms as the 'King of Spain', leading Suleiman to consider himself the true 'Caesar'.[23]<br />
<br />
With his main European rivals subdued, Suleiman had assured the Ottoman Empire a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe.<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&diff=974Suleiman the Magnificent2012-06-11T09:26:34Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>Suleiman I ( /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/; Ottoman Turkish: سلطان سليمان اول, Sultān Suleimān-i evvel or قانونى سلطان سليمان, Kānūnī Sultān Suleimān, Modern Turkish: I. Süleyman (Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈmɑn]) or Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[3] and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" (Turkish: Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.<ref>Mansel, 61.</ref><br />
<br />
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith in his own right; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the golden age of the Ottoman Empire's artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai (a dialect of Turkic languages and related to Uyghur and Uzbek), Persian and Serbian.<br />
<br />
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married a harem girl, Roxelana, who became Hürrem Sultan; her intrigues as queen in the court and power over the Sultan made her quite renowned. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Suleyman was a true hero and was admired by other leaders of the world. Suleiman was born in Trabzon along the coast of the Black Sea, probably on 6 November 1494.[6] His mother was Valide Sultan Aishe Hafsa Sultan or Hafsa Hatun Sultan, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, he was sent to study science, history, literature, theology, and military tactics in the schools of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers.[7] From the age of seventeen, young Suleiman was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Sarukhan (Manisa) with a brief tenure at Adrianople (now Edirne).[8] Upon the death of his father, Selim I (1465–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and acceded to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini: "He is twenty-six years of age, tall, but wiry, and of a delicate complexion. His neck is a little too long, his face thin, and his nose aquiline. He has a shade of a moustache and a small beard; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien, though his skin tends to pallor. He is said to be a wise Lord, fond of study, and all men hope for good from his rule."[9] Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great.[10][11] He was influenced by Alexander's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west, and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa, as well as in Europe.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Military campaigns ==<br />
<br />
=== Conquests in Europe ===<br />
<br />
Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century <br />
Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve. Its capture was vital in eliminating the Hungarians who, following the defeats of the Serbs, Bulgarians, Byzantines and Albanians, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube. With a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, Belgrade fell in August 1521.[12]<br />
<br />
News of the conquest of one of Christendom's major strongholds spread fear across Europe. As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note, "The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary. It led to the death of King Louis, the capture of Buda, the occupation of Transylvania, the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighbouring nations that they would suffer the same fate..."[13]<br />
<br />
The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman diverted his attention to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes, the home base of the Knights Hospitaller. In the summer of 1522, taking advantage of the navy he inherited from his father, Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships while personally leading an army of 100,000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island.[14] Following a siege of five months with brutal encounters, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart. They eventually formed their new base in Malta.<br />
<br />
As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Eastern Europe and on 29 August 1526, he defeated Louis II of Hungary (1506–26) at the Battle of Mohács. In its wake, Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the pre-eminent power in Eastern Europe.[15] Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off while he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."[16][17]<br />
<br />
Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took Hungary. As a result, in 1529, Suleiman once again marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda and in the following autumn laid siege to Vienna. It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive towards the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men,[18] the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry which lasted until the 20th century.[19] A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, with Suleiman retreating before reaching the city. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather (forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.[20]<br />
<br />
By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (1519–64), who was ruler of neighbouring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.[21] However, other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya who, being supported by Suleiman, remained unrecognized by the Christian powers of Europe.<br />
<br />
In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans, attempting to lay siege to Buda. With their efforts repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses captured as a result,[22] Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as 'Emperor', but in rather plainer terms as the 'King of Spain', leading Suleiman to consider himself the true 'Caesar'.[23]<br />
<br />
With his main European rivals subdued, Suleiman had assured the Ottoman Empire a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe.<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&diff=973Suleiman the Magnificent2012-06-11T09:20:40Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>Suleiman I ( /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/; Ottoman Turkish: سلطان سليمان اول, Sultān Suleimān-i evvel or قانونى سلطان سليمان, Kānūnī Sultān Suleimān, Modern Turkish: I. Süleyman (Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈmɑn]) or Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[3] and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" (Turkish: Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.[4]<br />
<br />
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith in his own right; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the golden age of the Ottoman Empire's artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai (a dialect of Turkic languages and related to Uyghur and Uzbek), Persian and Serbian.<br />
<br />
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married a harem girl, Roxelana, who became Hürrem Sultan; her intrigues as queen in the court and power over the Sultan made her quite renowned. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Suleyman was a true hero and was admired by other leaders of the world. Suleiman was born in Trabzon along the coast of the Black Sea, probably on 6 November 1494.[6] His mother was Valide Sultan Aishe Hafsa Sultan or Hafsa Hatun Sultan, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, he was sent to study science, history, literature, theology, and military tactics in the schools of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers.[7] From the age of seventeen, young Suleiman was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Sarukhan (Manisa) with a brief tenure at Adrianople (now Edirne).[8] Upon the death of his father, Selim I (1465–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and acceded to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini: "He is twenty-six years of age, tall, but wiry, and of a delicate complexion. His neck is a little too long, his face thin, and his nose aquiline. He has a shade of a moustache and a small beard; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien, though his skin tends to pallor. He is said to be a wise Lord, fond of study, and all men hope for good from his rule."[9] Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great.[10][11] He was influenced by Alexander's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west, and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa, as well as in Europe.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Military campaigns ==<br />
<br />
=== Conquests in Europe ===<br />
<br />
Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century <br />
Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve. Its capture was vital in eliminating the Hungarians who, following the defeats of the Serbs, Bulgarians, Byzantines and Albanians, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube. With a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, Belgrade fell in August 1521.[12]<br />
<br />
News of the conquest of one of Christendom's major strongholds spread fear across Europe. As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note, "The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary. It led to the death of King Louis, the capture of Buda, the occupation of Transylvania, the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighbouring nations that they would suffer the same fate..."[13]<br />
<br />
The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman diverted his attention to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes, the home base of the Knights Hospitaller. In the summer of 1522, taking advantage of the navy he inherited from his father, Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships while personally leading an army of 100,000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island.[14] Following a siege of five months with brutal encounters, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart. They eventually formed their new base in Malta.<br />
<br />
As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Eastern Europe and on 29 August 1526, he defeated Louis II of Hungary (1506–26) at the Battle of Mohács. In its wake, Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the pre-eminent power in Eastern Europe.[15] Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off while he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."[16][17]<br />
<br />
Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took Hungary. As a result, in 1529, Suleiman once again marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda and in the following autumn laid siege to Vienna. It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive towards the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men,[18] the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry which lasted until the 20th century.[19] A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, with Suleiman retreating before reaching the city. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather (forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.[20]<br />
<br />
By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (1519–64), who was ruler of neighbouring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.[21] However, other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya who, being supported by Suleiman, remained unrecognized by the Christian powers of Europe.<br />
<br />
In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans, attempting to lay siege to Buda. With their efforts repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses captured as a result,[22] Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as 'Emperor', but in rather plainer terms as the 'King of Spain', leading Suleiman to consider himself the true 'Caesar'.[23]<br />
<br />
With his main European rivals subdued, Suleiman had assured the Ottoman Empire a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe.</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&diff=972Suleiman the Magnificent2012-06-11T09:12:13Z<p>Lidewij: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&oldid=496957680 10 June 2012 Created page BenBaker 24 September 2001</p>
<hr />
<div>Suleiman I ( /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/; Ottoman Turkish: سلطان سليمان اول, Sultān Suleimān-i evvel or قانونى سلطان سليمان, Kānūnī Sultān Suleimān, Modern Turkish: I. Süleyman (Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈmɑn]) or Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[3] and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" (Turkish: Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.[4]<br />
<br />
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith in his own right; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the golden age of the Ottoman Empire's artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai (a dialect of Turkic languages and related to Uyghur and Uzbek), Persian and Serbian.<br />
<br />
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married a harem girl, Roxelana, who became Hürrem Sultan; her intrigues as queen in the court and power over the Sultan made her quite renowned. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule.<br />
<br />
Early life<br />
<br />
Suleyman was a true hero and was admired by other leaders of the world. Suleiman was born in Trabzon along the coast of the Black Sea, probably on 6 November 1494.[6] His mother was Valide Sultan Aishe Hafsa Sultan or Hafsa Hatun Sultan, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, he was sent to study science, history, literature, theology, and military tactics in the schools of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers.[7] From the age of seventeen, young Suleiman was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Sarukhan (Manisa) with a brief tenure at Adrianople (now Edirne).[8] Upon the death of his father, Selim I (1465–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and acceded to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini: "He is twenty-six years of age, tall, but wiry, and of a delicate complexion. His neck is a little too long, his face thin, and his nose aquiline. He has a shade of a moustache and a small beard; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien, though his skin tends to pallor. He is said to be a wise Lord, fond of study, and all men hope for good from his rule."[9] Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great.[10][11] He was influenced by Alexander's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west, and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa, as well as in Europe.<br />
<br />
Conquests in Europe<br />
<br />
Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century <br />
Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve. Its capture was vital in eliminating the Hungarians who, following the defeats of the Serbs, Bulgarians, Byzantines and Albanians, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube. With a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, Belgrade fell in August 1521.[12]<br />
<br />
News of the conquest of one of Christendom's major strongholds spread fear across Europe. As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note, "The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary. It led to the death of King Louis, the capture of Buda, the occupation of Transylvania, the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighbouring nations that they would suffer the same fate..."[13]<br />
<br />
The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman diverted his attention to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes, the home base of the Knights Hospitaller. In the summer of 1522, taking advantage of the navy he inherited from his father, Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships while personally leading an army of 100,000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island.[14] Following a siege of five months with brutal encounters, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart. They eventually formed their new base in Malta.<br />
<br />
As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Eastern Europe and on 29 August 1526, he defeated Louis II of Hungary (1506–26) at the Battle of Mohács. In its wake, Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the pre-eminent power in Eastern Europe.[15] Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off while he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."[16][17]<br />
<br />
Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took Hungary. As a result, in 1529, Suleiman once again marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda and in the following autumn laid siege to Vienna. It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive towards the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men,[18] the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry which lasted until the 20th century.[19] A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, with Suleiman retreating before reaching the city. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather (forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.[20]<br />
<br />
By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (1519–64), who was ruler of neighbouring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.[21] However, other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya who, being supported by Suleiman, remained unrecognized by the Christian powers of Europe.<br />
<br />
In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans, attempting to lay siege to Buda. With their efforts repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses captured as a result,[22] Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as 'Emperor', but in rather plainer terms as the 'King of Spain', leading Suleiman to consider himself the true 'Caesar'.[23]<br />
<br />
With his main European rivals subdued, Suleiman had assured the Ottoman Empire a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe.</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Sultans_Trail&diff=971Sultans Trail2012-06-11T08:57:30Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Sultans Trail''' is a new long-distance footpath from Vienna to Istanbul. It is 2,200 km long. The path passes [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]]. <br />
<br />
Sultans Trail takes its name from sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman Kanuni]], Suleiman the Magnificent, of the Ottoman Empire who led Ottoman armies to conquer [[Belgrade]] and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the [[Siege of Vienna]]. The main path follows the route described by sultan Suleiman the Magnificent on his way to Vienna. He started on 10 May 1529 from Istanbul and arrived 23 September 1529 in Vienna (141 days). It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition to the west, but the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat. A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532. In 1566, at the age of 60, the sultan led his army for the last time; he died close to Szigetvár in [[Hungary]].<br />
<br />
Contrary to its past the Sultans Trail nowadays forms a path of peace, a meeting place for people of all faiths and cultures. The trail starts at the St. Stephen's Cathedral in the centre of Vienna; the bells of this church are made from melted iron of the Ottoman canons. It ends at the tomb of the Sultan in Istanbul. The Sultans Trail is developed by volunteers from the Netherlands based NGO Sultans Trail International.<br />
<br />
Beside the Bulgarian mountains the trail can be walked all year round. Most parts of the route have ample accommodation like hotels, pensions or private rooms. In parts of Hungary and Bulgaria bringing a tent is necessary.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Route of the Sultans Trail ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Austria Main route''': Vienna, Simmering, Schwechat, Rauchenwarth, Trautmannsdorf an der Leitha, Bruck an der Leitha Sommerein, Breitenbrunn, Purbach am Neusiedler See, Donnerskirchen, Hornstein, Eisenstadt, Oggau am Neusiedler See, Rust, Mörbisch am See, Pamhagen, Neusiedl am See, Petronell-Carnuntum, Hainburg an der Donau, Wolfsthal.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács): St.Martin.<br />
<br />
*'''Slovakia Main route''': Devin, Bratislava, Marianka, Modra, Harmónia, Častá, Dobrá Voda, Prašník, Vrbové, Čachtice, Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Beckov, Trenčín, Topoľčany, Nitra, Nové Zámky, Kolárovo, Kameničná, Komárno, Iža, Radvaň nad Dunajom-Žitava, Radvaň nad Dunajom, Moča, Kravany nad Dunajom, Obid, Štúrovo<br />
<br />
*'''Hungary Main route''': Halászi, Györ, Tata, Tatabánya, Annavölgy, Esztergom, Szentendre, Budakalász, Budapest, Százhalombatta, Székesfehérvár, Dunaföldvár, Szekszárd, Bátaszék, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács):: Sopron, St.Martin, Köszeg, Sárvár, Sümeg, Keszthely, Szuliman, Csertő, Szigetvár, Pécs, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*'''Croatia Main route''': Zmajevac, Dvorak Tikves, Osijek, Bobota, Vukovar, Opatovac, Ilok.<br />
<br />
*'''Serbia Main route''': Bačka Palanka, Morović, Sremska Mitrovica, Mačvanska Mitrovica, Jarak, Šabac, Belgrade, Oresac, Smederevo, Velika Plana, Jagodina, Paracin, Deligrad, Nis, Niska Banja, Pirot, Dmitrovgrad.<br />
<br />
*''Serbia alternative route'' (till Belgrade):Backi Breg, Sombor, Apatin, Bač,_Serbia, Backa Palanka, Novi Sad, Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovci.<br />
<br />
*'''Bulgaria Main route''': Kalotina, Dragoman, Sofia, Novi Han, Ihtiman, Pazardzhik, Stamboliyski, Plovdiv, Sadovo, Parvomay, Mineralni Bani, Haskovo, Harmanli, Lyubimets, Svilengrad.<br />
<br />
*''Bulgaria mountain route'' (after Sofia): Vitosha, Samokov, Rila Monastery, Rila, Velingrad, Borino, Smoljan, Ardino, Kardzjali, Svilengrad.<br />
<br />
*'''Turkey Main route''': Kapıkule, Kemalköy, Karabulut, Sarayakpınar, (Sırpsındığı), Avarız, Edirne, Kösençiftliği, Söğütlüdere, Hasköy, Hamzabey, Uluçınar, Ahmetbey, Karlı, Hallaçlı, İnceğiz, Çatalca, Dursunköy, Sazlıbosna, Şamlar, Kayabaşı Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Fatih and Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.<br />
<br />
*''Turkey avyolu route'' (after Edirne): Hıdırağa, Karayusuf, Ortakça, Kavaklı, Yağcılı, Süloğlu, Büyük Gerdelli, Dolhan, Paşayeri, Koyunbaba, Kırklareli, Kızılcıkdere, Üsküpdere, Karıncak, Kaynarca, Pınarhisar, Erenler, Poyralı, Doğanca, Develi, Vize, Okçular, Evrenli, Çakıllı, Kavacık, Saray, Küçük Yoncalı, Safaalan, Binkılıç, Aydınlar, Yaylacık, Gümüşpınar, İhsaniye, Akalan, Dağyenice, Boyalık, Dursunköy, (after Dursunköy the same route as above).<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.sultanstrail.com Official Sultans Trail website]<br />
* [http://www.cultureroutesinturkey.com/c/ Overview of cultural Routes in Turkey]<br />
* [http://www.mevlana800.info Sultanstrail and Sufipath united]<br />
* [http://www.todayszaman.com/news-212703-from-making-war-to-promoting-peace-the-sultans-trail.html Article about the Sultans Trail in Zaman].<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=WjYBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=true Journal of Suleiman the Magnificent during 1. siege of Vienna ] German Language<br />
<br />
* Sultan's Trail wandelgids - Wandelen in Thracië. Sedat Çakır, 2011. ISBN/EAN: 978-94-90787-02-8. Dutch Language guide book of Turkish part of Sultans Trail.<br />
<br />
[[Category:European long-distance paths]]<br />
[[Category:Hiking trails in Europe]]<br />
<br />
[[nl:Sultan's Trail]]</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Sultans_Trail&diff=970Sultans Trail2012-06-11T08:55:46Z<p>Lidewij: linken</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Sultans Trail''' is a new long-distance footpath from Vienna to Istanbul. It is 2,200 km long. The path passes [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]]. <br />
<br />
Sultans Trail takes its name from sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman Kanuni]], Suleiman the Magnificent, of the Ottoman Empire who led Ottoman armies to conquer [[Belgrade]] and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the [[Siege of Vienna]]. The main path follows the route described by sultan Suleiman the Magnificent on his way to Vienna. He started on 10 May 1529 from Istanbul and arrived 23 September 1529 in Vienna (141 days). It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition to the west, but the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat. A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532. In 1566, at the age of 60, the sultan led his army for the last time; he died close to Szigetvár in [[Hungary]].<br />
<br />
Contrary to its past the Sultans Trail nowadays forms a path of peace, a meeting place for people of all faiths and cultures. The trail starts at the St. Stephen's Cathedral in the centre of Vienna; the bells of this church are made from melted iron of the Ottoman canons. It ends at the tomb of the Sultan in Istanbul. The Sultans Trail is developed by volunteers from the Netherlands based NGO Sultans Trail International.<br />
<br />
Beside the Bulgarian mountains the trail can be walked all year round. Most parts of the route have ample accommodation like hotels, pensions or private rooms. In parts of Hungary and Bulgaria bringing a tent is necessary.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Route of the Sultans Trail ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Austria Main route''': Vienna, Simmering, Schwechat, Rauchenwarth, Trautmannsdorf an der Leitha, Bruck an der Leitha Sommerein, Breitenbrunn, Purbach am Neusiedler See, Donnerskirchen, Hornstein, Eisenstadt, Oggau am Neusiedler See, Rust, Mörbisch am See, Pamhagen, Neusiedl am See, Petronell-Carnuntum, Hainburg an der Donau, Wolfsthal.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács): St.Martin.<br />
<br />
*'''Slovakia Main route''': Devin, Bratislava, Marianka, Modra, Harmónia, Častá, Dobrá Voda, Prašník, Vrbové, Čachtice, Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Beckov, Trenčín, Topoľčany, Nitra, Nové Zámky, Kolárovo, Kameničná, Komárno, Iža, Radvaň nad Dunajom-Žitava, Radvaň nad Dunajom, Moča, Kravany nad Dunajom, Obid, Štúrovo<br />
<br />
*'''Hungary Main route''': Halászi, Györ, Tata, Tatabánya, Annavölgy, Esztergom, Szentendre, Budakalász, Budapest, Százhalombatta, Székesfehérvár, Dunaföldvár, Szekszárd, Bátaszék, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács):: Sopron, St.Martin, Köszeg, Sárvár, Sümeg, Keszthely, Szuliman, Csertő, Szigetvár, Pécs, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*'''Croatia Main route''': Zmajevac, Dvorak Tikves, Osijek, Bobota, Vukovar, Opatovac, Ilok.<br />
<br />
*'''Serbia Main route''': Bačka Palanka, Morović, Sremska Mitrovica, Mačvanska Mitrovica, Jarak, Šabac, Belgrade, Oresac, Smederevo, Velika Plana, Jagodina, Paracin, Deligrad, Nis, Niska Banja, Pirot, Dmitrovgrad.<br />
<br />
*''Serbia alternative route'' (till Belgrade):Backi Breg, Sombor, Apatin, Bač,_Serbia, Backa Palanka, Novi Sad, Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovci.<br />
<br />
*'''Bulgaria Main route''': Kalotina, Dragoman, Sofia, Novi Han, Ihtiman, Pazardzhik, Stamboliyski, Plovdiv, Sadovo, Parvomay, Mineralni Bani, Haskovo, Harmanli, Lyubimets, Svilengrad.<br />
<br />
*''Bulgaria mountain route'' (after Sofia): Vitosha, Samokov, Rila Monastery, Rila, Velingrad, Borino, Smoljan, Ardino, Kardzjali, Svilengrad.<br />
<br />
*'''Turkey Main route''': Kapıkule, Kemalköy, Karabulut, Sarayakpınar, (Sırpsındığı), Avarız, Edirne, Kösençiftliği, Söğütlüdere, Hasköy, Hamzabey, Uluçınar, Ahmetbey, Karlı, Hallaçlı, İnceğiz, Çatalca, Dursunköy, Sazlıbosna, Şamlar, Kayabaşı Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Fatih and Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.<br />
<br />
*''Turkey avyolu route'' (after Edirne): Hıdırağa, Karayusuf, Ortakça, Kavaklı, Yağcılı, Süloğlu, Büyük Gerdelli, Dolhan, Paşayeri, Koyunbaba, Kırklareli, Kızılcıkdere, Üsküpdere, Karıncak, Kaynarca, Pınarhisar, Erenler, Poyralı, Doğanca, Develi, Vize, Okçular, Evrenli, Çakıllı, Kavacık, Saray, Küçük Yoncalı, Safaalan, Binkılıç, Aydınlar, Yaylacık, Gümüşpınar, İhsaniye, Akalan, Dağyenice, Boyalık, Dursunköy, (after Dursunköy the same route as above).<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.sultanstrail.com Official Sultans Trail website]<br />
* [http://www.cultureroutesinturkey.com/c/ Overview of cultural Routes in Turkey]<br />
* [http://www.mevlana800.info Sultanstrail and Sufipath united]<br />
* [http://www.todayszaman.com/news-212703-from-making-war-to-promoting-peace-the-sultans-trail.html Article about the Sultans Trail in Zaman].<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=WjYBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=true Journal of Suleiman the Magnificent during 1. siege of Vienna ] German Language<br />
<br />
* Sultan's Trail wandelgids - Wandelen in Thracië. Sedat Çakır, 2011. ISBN/EAN: 978-94-90787-02-8. Dutch Language guide book of Turkish part of Sultans Trail.</div>Lidewijhttp://en.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Sultans_Trail&diff=969Sultans Trail2012-06-11T08:54:15Z<p>Lidewij: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Sultans Trail''' is a new long-distance footpath from Vienna to Istanbul. It is 2,200 km long. The path passes [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]]. <br />
<br />
Sultans Trail takes its name from sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman Kanuni]], Suleiman the Magnificent, of the Ottoman Empire who led Ottoman armies to conquer [[Belgrade]] and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the [[Siege of Vienna]]. The main path follows the route described by sultan Suleiman the Magnificent on his way to Vienna. He started on 10 May 1529 from Istanbul and arrived 23 September 1529 in Vienna (141 days). It was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition to the west, but the Austrians inflicted upon Suleiman his first defeat. A second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532. In 1566, at the age of 60, the sultan led his army for the last time; he died close to Szigetvár in [[Hungary]].<br />
<br />
Contrary to its past the Sultans Trail nowadays forms a path of peace, a meeting place for people of all faiths and cultures. The trail starts at the St. Stephen's Cathedral in the centre of Vienna; the bells of this church are made from melted iron of the Ottoman canons. It ends at the tomb of the Sultan in Istanbul. The Sultans Trail is developed by volunteers from the Netherlands based NGO Sultans Trail International.<br />
<br />
Beside the Bulgarian mountains the trail can be walked all year round. Most parts of the route have ample accommodation like hotels, pensions or private rooms. In parts of Hungary and Bulgaria bringing a tent is necessary.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Route of the Sultans Trail ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Austria Main route''': Vienna, Simmering, Schwechat, Rauchenwarth, Trautmannsdorf an der Leitha, Bruck an der Leitha Sommerein, Breitenbrunn, Purbach am Neusiedler See, Donnerskirchen, Hornstein, Eisenstadt, Oggau am Neusiedler See, Rust, Mörbisch am See, Pamhagen, Neusiedl am See, Petronell-Carnuntum, Hainburg an der Donau, Wolfsthal.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács): St.Martin.<br />
<br />
*'''Slovakia Main route''': Devin, Bratislava, Marianka, Modra, Harmónia, Častá, Dobrá Voda, Prašník, Vrbové, Čachtice, Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Beckov, Trenčín, Topoľčany, Nitra, Nové Zámky, Kolárovo, Kameničná, Komárno, Iža, Radvaň nad Dunajom-Žitava, Radvaň nad Dunajom, Moča, Kravany nad Dunajom, Obid, Štúrovo<br />
<br />
*'''Hungary Main route''': Halászi, Györ, Tata, Tatabánya, Annavölgy, Esztergom, Szentendre, Budakalász, Budapest, Százhalombatta, Székesfehérvár, Dunaföldvár, Szekszárd, Bátaszék, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*''MATS Balaton route'' (till Mohács):: Sopron, St.Martin, Köszeg, Sárvár, Sümeg, Keszthely, Szuliman, Csertő, Szigetvár, Pécs, Mohács, Sátorhely, Udvar.<br />
<br />
*'''Croatia Main route''': Zmajevac, Dvorak Tikves, Osijek, Bobota, Vukovar, Opatovac, Ilok.<br />
<br />
*'''Serbia Main route''': Bačka Palanka, Morović, Sremska Mitrovica, Mačvanska Mitrovica, Jarak, Šabac, Belgrade, Oresac, Smederevo, Velika Plana, Jagodina, Paracin, Deligrad, Nis, Niska Banja, Pirot, Dmitrovgrad.<br />
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*''Serbia alternative route'' (till Belgrade):Backi Breg, Sombor, Apatin, Bač,_Serbia, Backa Palanka, Novi Sad, Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovci.<br />
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*'''Bulgaria Main route''': Kalotina, Dragoman, Sofia, Novi Han, Ihtiman, Pazardzhik, Stamboliyski, Plovdiv, Sadovo, Parvomay, Mineralni Bani, Haskovo, Harmanli, Lyubimets, Svilengrad.<br />
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*''Bulgaria mountain route'' (after Sofia): Vitosha, Samokov, Rila Monastery, Rila, Velingrad, Borino, Smoljan, Ardino, Kardzjali, Svilengrad.<br />
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*'''Turkey Main route''': Kapıkule, Kemalköy, Karabulut, Sarayakpınar, (Sırpsındığı), Avarız, Edirne, Kösençiftliği, Söğütlüdere, Hasköy, Hamzabey, Uluçınar, Ahmetbey, Karlı, Hallaçlı, İnceğiz, Çatalca, Dursunköy, Sazlıbosna, Şamlar, Kayabaşı Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Fatih and Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.<br />
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*''Turkey avyolu route'' (after Edirne): Hıdırağa, Karayusuf, Ortakça, Kavaklı, Yağcılı, Süloğlu, Büyük Gerdelli, Dolhan, Paşayeri, Koyunbaba, Kırklareli, Kızılcıkdere, Üsküpdere, Karıncak, Kaynarca, Pınarhisar, Erenler, Poyralı, Doğanca, Develi, Vize, Okçular, Evrenli, Çakıllı, Kavacık, Saray, Küçük Yoncalı, Safaalan, Binkılıç, Aydınlar, Yaylacık, Gümüşpınar, İhsaniye, Akalan, Dağyenice, Boyalık, Dursunköy, (after Dursunköy the same route as above).</div>Lidewij